<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Transitions]]></title><description><![CDATA[Insights (EN/FR) on economic, social and environmental transitions.
Analyses des grandes transitions économiques, sociales et environnementales — en français et en anglais]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Au9I!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1247c115-205f-4c6d-9a44-60aa8947fd83_1280x1280.png</url><title>Transitions</title><link>https://www.transitions.news</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Sun, 02 Aug 2026 21:21:51 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://www.transitions.news/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[newsdesk@transitions.news]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[newsdesk@transitions.news]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[newsdesk@transitions.news]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[newsdesk@transitions.news]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[US–Brazil: “Impostos e Paixões*” Enters Its Second Season]]></title><description><![CDATA[The narrative of a beleaguered &#8220;bromance&#8221; between Trump and Bolsonaro appears to be fading behind a proxy battle to safeguard US payment giants, Visa and Mastercard, against the surge of Pix.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/us-brazil-impostos-e-paixoes-enters-its-second-season</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/us-brazil-impostos-e-paixoes-enters-its-second-season</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2026 13:36:33 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0mxS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7c4a211-3058-45c3-8c47-d61e3a261555_1408x768.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0mxS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7c4a211-3058-45c3-8c47-d61e3a261555_1408x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0mxS!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7c4a211-3058-45c3-8c47-d61e3a261555_1408x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0mxS!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7c4a211-3058-45c3-8c47-d61e3a261555_1408x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0mxS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7c4a211-3058-45c3-8c47-d61e3a261555_1408x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0mxS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7c4a211-3058-45c3-8c47-d61e3a261555_1408x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0mxS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7c4a211-3058-45c3-8c47-d61e3a261555_1408x768.png" width="1408" height="768" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0mxS!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7c4a211-3058-45c3-8c47-d61e3a261555_1408x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0mxS!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7c4a211-3058-45c3-8c47-d61e3a261555_1408x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0mxS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7c4a211-3058-45c3-8c47-d61e3a261555_1408x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0mxS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7c4a211-3058-45c3-8c47-d61e3a261555_1408x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3><strong><span>Flashback to 2025</span></strong></h3><p><span>At first glance, trade relations between the United States and Brazil are heavily shaped by structural political differences. President Trump&#8217;s unwavering support for former President Bolsonaro and his family adds a layer of friction to an already complex dynamic.</span></p><p><span>It was - rhetorically, at least - in the name of this friendship that the White House issued </span><a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/07/addressing-threats-to-the-us/"><span>an Executive Order on July 30, 2025</span></a><span>, imposing a 40% tariff surcharge under national emergency powers (IEEPA). </span><em><span>&#8220;The Government of Brazil&#8217;s treatment of former President Bolsonaro &#8230; contributes to the deliberate breakdown in the rule of law in Brazil, to politically motivated intimidation in that country, and to human rights abuses,&#8221;</span></em><span> the decree stated. Washington cited growing concerns over institutional threats that could undermine </span><em><span>&#8220;the ability of Brazil to hold a free and fair election of the presidency in 2026&#8221;</span></em><span> (general elections are scheduled in Brazil for October 2026, Ed.).</span></p><p><span>Concurrently, on July 15, 2025 - just three days prior to Jair Bolsonaro&#8217;s first conviction - the USTR (Office of the United States Trade Representative) </span><a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/FR-2025-07-18/2025-13498"><span>launched the investigation that has recently served as the legal basis</span></a><span> for the initial salvo of tariffs under Section 301 (see below).</span></p><p><span>However, </span><a href="https://open.substack.com/pub/transitions2050/p/trade-war-us-tariffs-are-hitting-jane-and-john-doess?r=4qi2zc&amp;utm_campaign=post-expanded-share&amp;utm_medium=web"><span>rising domestic inflation soon disrupted this script</span></a><span>. By November 2025, </span><a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/11/modifying-the-scope-of-tariffs-on-the-government-of-brazil/"><span>the Trump administration executed a U-turn</span></a><span>, granting exemptions on a selection of targeted goods.</span></p><h3><strong><span>The 2026 Escalation</span></strong></h3><p><span>The latest chapter in this saga centers on Eduardo Bolsonaro. Sentenced in June 2026 by Brazil&#8217;s Supreme Court to four years in prison for coercion, </span><a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/world/2026/07/trump-administration-grants-green-card-to-eduardo-bolsonaro.shtml"><span>the third son of the clan was recently granted a US Green Card</span></a><span>, effectively shielding him from extradition. Having resided on American soil for over a year, the former lawmaker operates as the family&#8217;s primary envoy in Washington, driving the clan&#8217;s diplomatic push while President Trump has thrown his weight behind another son, Senator Fl&#225;vio Bolsonaro, in his bid for the Brazilian presidency.</span></p><p><span>For the second consecutive year, trade remains the primary friction point. Effective July 22, 2026, </span><a href="https://ustr.gov/node/14362"><span>a 25% tariff on Brazilian imports under Section 301 was enacted</span></a><span> to penalize the rollout - underway since 2020 - of an instant payment network operated by Brazil&#8217;s central bank. A report published on July 15, 2026, made explicit claims: </span><em><span>&#8220;Brazil has unfairly disadvantaged U.S. companies engaged in competing electronic payment services, including by policies that favor its national champion, Pix.&#8221;</span></em></p><p><span>Washington is accelerating its offensive: </span><a href="https://ustr.gov/about/policy-offices/press-office/fact-sheets/2026/july/fact-sheet-ustr-section-301-action-response-failure-60-economies-ban-imports-produced-forced-labor"><span>on July 24, a fresh USTR probe focusing on forced labor tacked</span></a><span> on an additional 12.5% in duties.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AdBk!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a14c7a3-0813-4cf5-8968-118f285542a0_1295x832.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AdBk!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a14c7a3-0813-4cf5-8968-118f285542a0_1295x832.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AdBk!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a14c7a3-0813-4cf5-8968-118f285542a0_1295x832.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AdBk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a14c7a3-0813-4cf5-8968-118f285542a0_1295x832.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AdBk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a14c7a3-0813-4cf5-8968-118f285542a0_1295x832.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AdBk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a14c7a3-0813-4cf5-8968-118f285542a0_1295x832.png" width="1295" height="832" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8a14c7a3-0813-4cf5-8968-118f285542a0_1295x832.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:832,&quot;width&quot;:1295,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:895921,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/208668217?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a14c7a3-0813-4cf5-8968-118f285542a0_1295x832.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AdBk!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a14c7a3-0813-4cf5-8968-118f285542a0_1295x832.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AdBk!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a14c7a3-0813-4cf5-8968-118f285542a0_1295x832.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AdBk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a14c7a3-0813-4cf5-8968-118f285542a0_1295x832.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AdBk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a14c7a3-0813-4cf5-8968-118f285542a0_1295x832.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>Brazilian imports now face </span><a href="https://www.allianz-trade.com/en_global/news-insights/economic-insights/Trade-war-new-lasting-tariff-wall.html"><span>an average effective tariff rate of 20%</span></a><span>, positioning Brazil as the second most heavily taxed nation by the US after China. </span><em><span>&#8220;While lawful under US law, the new tariffs will continue to be the subject of intense sectoral negotiations between Brazil and the United States,&#8221;</span></em><span> </span><a href="https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economics/2026/trumps-new-tariffs-brazil-reflect-weakness-us-trade-strategy"><span>noted the Peterson Institute for International Economics</span></a><span> (PIIE).</span></p><h3><strong><span>Brazilian Resistance Meets American Constraints</span></strong></h3><p><span>Lula remains undeterred. Both in 2025 and 2026, Brazil chose to dismiss US pressure. </span><em><span>&#8220;No one is going to change our Pix</span></em><span>,</span><em><span>&#8221;</span></em><span> Lula posted on social media. </span><em><span>&#8220;It&#8217;s public, it&#8217;s free, and it will stay that way.&#8221;</span></em><span> The Economic Reciprocal Action Act, passed in 2025, provides the government with broad leverage to deploy non-tariff retaliatory measures.</span></p><p><span>Yet, the latest US measures reflect lessons learned from the November 2025 retreat: Washington was forced to carve out exemptions for nearly 44% of Brazilian exports, including staples like orange juice and coffee. With the US midterm elections looming, safeguarding household purchasing power has become virtually sacred.</span></p><blockquote><p><strong><span>For further reading</span></strong><span> - &#8220;</span><a href="https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economics/2026/forced-labor-case-against-brazil-not-about-forced-labor"><span>The forced labor case against Brazil is not about forced labor</span></a><span>&#8221;, Monica de Bolle, PIIE, July 23, 2026</span></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><p><em><span>* &#8220;Taxes and Passions&#8221; &#8212; any resemblance to an actual telenovela is purely coincidental!</span></em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Etats-Unis - Brésil: “Impostos e Paixões” rempile pour une seconde année *]]></title><description><![CDATA[Au scenario de la &#8220;bromance&#8221; contrari&#233;e, semble se substituer celui d&#8217;une guerre d&#8217;influence destin&#233;e &#224; prot&#233;ger Visa et Mastercard face &#224; la d&#233;ferlante Pix.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/etats-unis-bresil-impostos-e-paixoes</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/etats-unis-bresil-impostos-e-paixoes</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2026 16:48:12 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VLqD!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9cd9f4b1-ce4a-4bf1-a875-fd64affdf885_1408x768.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VLqD!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9cd9f4b1-ce4a-4bf1-a875-fd64affdf885_1408x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VLqD!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9cd9f4b1-ce4a-4bf1-a875-fd64affdf885_1408x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VLqD!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9cd9f4b1-ce4a-4bf1-a875-fd64affdf885_1408x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VLqD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9cd9f4b1-ce4a-4bf1-a875-fd64affdf885_1408x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VLqD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9cd9f4b1-ce4a-4bf1-a875-fd64affdf885_1408x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3><strong><span>Flashback sur 2025</span></strong></h3><p><span>&#192; premi&#232;re vue, les relations commerciales entre les &#201;tats-Unis et le Br&#233;sil sont largement influenc&#233;es par des divergences politiques structurelles. Le soutien sans faille que le pr&#233;sident Trump accorde &#224; l&#8217;ancien pr&#233;sident Bolsonaro et &#224; sa famille vient pimenter le tout.</span></p><p><span>C&#8217;est - dans le discours du moins - au nom de cette amiti&#233; que l</span><a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/07/addressing-threats-to-the-us/"><span>a Maison Blanche publie le 30 juillet 2025 un d&#233;cret pr&#233;sidentiel</span></a><span> imposant une surtaxe de 40% au titre de l&#8217;urgence nationale (IEEPA). &#8220;</span><em><span>Le traitement r&#233;serv&#233; &#224; l&#8217;ancien chef d&#8217;&#201;tat alimente</span></em><span> (...) </span><em><span>une d&#233;gradation d&#233;lib&#233;r&#233;e de l&#8217;&#201;tat de droit, un climat d&#8217;intimidation &#224; vis&#233;e politique ainsi que des violations des droits humains au Br&#233;sil</span></em><span>&#8221;. Washington s&#8217;inqui&#232;te alors des menaces sur les institutions de nature &#224; nuire &#8220;</span><em><span>gravement &#224; la tenue d&#8217;un scrutin pr&#233;sidentiel libre et &#233;quitable en 2026</span></em><span>&#8221; (des &#233;lections g&#233;n&#233;rales se tiennent au Br&#233;sil en octobre 2026, NDLR).</span></p><p><span>Au m&#234;me moment, le 15 juillet 2025, soit 3 jours avant la condamnation de Jair Bolsonaro, </span><a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/FR-2025-07-18/2025-13498"><span>le USTR (Office of the United States Trade Representative) lance l&#8217;enqu&#234;te</span></a><span> qui justifie ces derniers jours la premi&#232;re salve de droits de douane  au titre de la section 301 (cf. </span><em><span>infra</span></em><span>).</span></p><p><span>Tr&#232;s vite, l&#8217;inflation am&#233;ricaine vient perturber ce </span><em><span>scenario</span></em><span>. D&#232;s le mois de novembre 2025, </span><a href="https://open.substack.com/pub/transitions2050/p/trade-war-us-tariffs-are-hitting-jane-and-john-doess?r=4qi2zc&amp;utm_campaign=post-expanded-share&amp;utm_medium=web"><span>l&#8217;administration Trump op&#232;re une volte-face </span></a><span>et des exemptions sont accord&#233;es sur certains produits.</span></p><h3><span>L&#8217;escalade de 2026</span></h3><p><span>Le dernier &#233;pisode de cette &#8220;bromance&#8221; concerne Eduardo Bolsonaro. Condamn&#233; au mois de juin 2026 par la Cour supr&#234;me br&#233;silienne &#224; 4 ans de prison pour coercition, </span><a href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/world/2026/07/trump-administration-grants-green-card-to-eduardo-bolsonaro.shtml"><span>le 3e enfant du clan s&#8217;est vu octroyer tout r&#233;cemment une &#8220;green card&#8221; </span></a><span>qui le met &#224; l&#8217;abri de toute extradition. En effet le d&#233;put&#233; vit sur le sol am&#233;ricain depuis un an d&#233;j&#224;.</span></p><p><span>Pour la seconde ann&#233;e cons&#233;cutive, c&#8217;est sur le terrain du commerce que les tensions sont les plus fortes. Depuis le 22 juillet 2026, les droits de douane de 25% qui s&#8217;appliquent aux produits br&#233;siliens, au titre de la section 301, viennent sanctionner le d&#233;ploiement, depuis 2020, d&#8217;un syst&#232;me de paiement op&#233;r&#233; par la banque centrale br&#233;silienne. </span><a href="https://ustr.gov/trade-topics/enforcement/section-301-investigations/section-301-brazils-acts-policies-and-practices-related-digital-trade-and-electronic-payment"><span>Le rapport publi&#233; le 15 juillet 2026 </span></a><span>accuse: &#8220; </span><em><span>Le syst&#232;me de paiement public br&#233;silien Pix b&#233;n&#233;ficie d&#8217;un avantage concurrentiel indu du fait des exigences r&#233;glementaires de la Banque centrale en mati&#232;re de visibilit&#233; et de plafonnement des commissions, ce qui p&#233;nalise les acteurs am&#233;ricains du secteur tels que Visa et Mastercard.</span></em><span>&#8221;</span></p><p><span>Les Etats-Unis multiplient les offensives : le 24 juillet, </span><a href="https://ustr.gov/about/policy-offices/press-office/fact-sheets/2026/july/fact-sheet-ustr-section-301-action-response-failure-60-economies-ban-imports-produced-forced-labor"><span>une nouvelle enqu&#234;te du USTR portant cette fois sur le travail forc&#233;</span></a><span> est venue ajouter 12,5% suppl&#233;mentaires aux droits de douane qui entrent en vigueur le m&#234;me jour.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7y1u!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F625cc147-c3a7-4fa6-95e6-55a0808e9fe7_1295x832.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7y1u!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F625cc147-c3a7-4fa6-95e6-55a0808e9fe7_1295x832.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7y1u!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F625cc147-c3a7-4fa6-95e6-55a0808e9fe7_1295x832.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7y1u!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F625cc147-c3a7-4fa6-95e6-55a0808e9fe7_1295x832.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7y1u!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F625cc147-c3a7-4fa6-95e6-55a0808e9fe7_1295x832.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.allianz-trade.com/en_global/news-insights/economic-insights/Trade-war-new-lasting-tariff-wall.html"><span>Les produits br&#233;siliens cumulent 20% de droits de douane</span></a><span> en moyenne, faisant du Br&#233;sil le second pays le plus tax&#233; apr&#232;s la Chine. &#8220;</span><em><span>Bien que l&#233;gitimes au regard du droit am&#233;ricain, ces nouveaux tarifs continueront de faire l&#8217;objet d&#8217;intenses n&#233;gociations sectorielles entre le Br&#233;sil et les &#201;tats-Unis</span></em><span>&#8221;, </span><a href="https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economics/2026/trumps-new-tariffs-brazil-reflect-weakness-us-trade-strategy"><span>annonce le PIIE</span></a><span> (Peterson Institute for International Economics).</span></p><h3><strong><span>La r&#233;sistance br&#233;silienne et les limites am&#233;ricaines</span></strong></h3><p><span>Lula reste de marbre : en 2025 comme en 2026, le Br&#233;sil choisit d&#8217;ignorer les pressions am&#233;ricaines. &#8220;</span><em><span>Personne ne va modifier notre Pix</span></em><span>&#8221;, a &#233;crit Lula sur les r&#233;seaux sociaux. &#8220;</span><em><span>Il est public, il est gratuit, et il le restera</span></em><span>.&#8221; La loi sur la r&#233;ciprocit&#233; &#233;conomique, adopt&#233;e en 2025, donne au gouvernement les moyens de r&#233;pliquer en-dehors de l&#8217;&#233;chiquier tarifaire.</span></p><p><span>Les mesures am&#233;ricaines portent les le&#231;ons de la reculade de novembre 2025 : Washington a d&#251; exempter pr&#232;s de 44 % des produits br&#233;siliens tels que le jus d&#8217;orange, ou encore le caf&#233;. A l&#8217;approche des </span><em><span>midterms</span></em><span>, la protection du pouvoir d&#8217;achat des m&#233;nages confine au sacr&#233;.</span></p><div><hr></div><p><span>*&#8221;Imp&#244;ts et passions&#8221; - toute similitude avec une </span><em><span>novela</span></em><span> existante serait purement fortuite.</span></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Water and Nature: From Crisis Management to Economic Foresight]]></title><description><![CDATA[France&#8217;s devastating summer drought proves that standard climate models are no longer enough; risk managers must now precisely quantify their exposure to a critically vulnerable resource.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/water-and-nature-from-crisis-management-to-economic-foresight</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/water-and-nature-from-crisis-management-to-economic-foresight</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2026 16:26:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V4Fs!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4698137-0323-493a-9def-34bb1141b6c4_4987x1976.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V4Fs!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4698137-0323-493a-9def-34bb1141b6c4_4987x1976.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V4Fs!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4698137-0323-493a-9def-34bb1141b6c4_4987x1976.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V4Fs!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4698137-0323-493a-9def-34bb1141b6c4_4987x1976.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V4Fs!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4698137-0323-493a-9def-34bb1141b6c4_4987x1976.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V4Fs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4698137-0323-493a-9def-34bb1141b6c4_4987x1976.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V4Fs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4698137-0323-493a-9def-34bb1141b6c4_4987x1976.png" width="4987" height="1976" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V4Fs!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4698137-0323-493a-9def-34bb1141b6c4_4987x1976.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V4Fs!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4698137-0323-493a-9def-34bb1141b6c4_4987x1976.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V4Fs!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4698137-0323-493a-9def-34bb1141b6c4_4987x1976.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V4Fs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4698137-0323-493a-9def-34bb1141b6c4_4987x1976.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Monique Barbut, Minister for the Ecological Transition, and Mathieu Lef&#232;vre, Minister Delegate for the Ecological Transition, at the ministry's crisis management center, July 15, 2026.</figcaption></figure></div><p><span>This summer, faced with a proliferation of heatwaves and the onset of a severe drought, the French government is scrambling to deploy emergency measures.</span></p><p><span>At a meeting on July 15, Monique Barbut, Minister for the Ecological Transition, delivered an unequivocal assessment: &#8220;</span><em><span>We are experiencing a drought of exceptional magnitude, both in terms of its early onset and its intensity &#8230; What makes the situation particularly worrying is that it comes despite spring rainfall having been broadly within seasonal norms.</span></em><span>&#8221; She concluded: &#8220;</span><em><span>Today, the entire water cycle is being disrupted</span></em><span>.&#8221;</span></p><p><span>M&#233;t&#233;o France [Ed. French national meteorological service] confirmed that the country is grappling with the worst drought on record: &#8220;</span><em><span>By July 15, soil moisture levels have dropped exceptionally low, surpassing the historic lows observed in 1976, 2022, and 2025 at the same date.</span></em><span> ... </span><em><span>Rising temperatures are accelerating soil evaporation and exacerbating water deficits.</span></em><span>&#8221;</span></p><p><span>As early as July 9, </span><a href="https://www.transitions.news/p/fertilizers-french-government-unveils-emergency-measures?r=4qi2zc"><span>Agriculture Minister Annie Genevard warned</span></a><span> of a predictable &#8220;</span><em><span>yield crisis,</span></em><span>&#8221; a direct consequence of extreme heat and restricted access to fertilizers.</span></p><h3><span>A Belated Awakening</span></h3><p><span>The proliferation of emergency response plans is inversely proportional to states&#8217; capacity for long-term planning, despite repeated warnings from multilateral institutions.</span></p><p><span>Indeed, upon taking office in 2006, former </span><a href="http:///https://www.revue-banque.fr/binrepository/0000000000000000000_BRB01797_MG108003824.pdf"><span>OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurr&#237;a established water management as a core strategic pillar</span></a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a><span>. It was under his stewardship that the </span><a href="https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/sub-issues/water-governance/the-oecd-principles-on-water-governance-and-implementation-strategy.html"><span>OECD Principles on Water Governance</span></a><span> were drafted.</span></p><p><span>Notably, the United Nations failed to convene a single summit exclusively dedicated to water between the 1977 Mar del Plata conference and the 2023 New York summit. The </span><a href="https://sdgs.un.org/conferences/water2023/action-agenda"><span>Global Water Action Agenda</span></a><span> adopted at the end of the 2023 conference aimed to address structural backlogs in resource management, even as 2050 projections already estimated that half of the world&#8217;s population would face acute or temporary water stress. Outlooks for the European Union were equally sobering. &#8220;</span><em><span>About 35% of the EU&#8217;s land area will be under high water stress by the 2070s, by which time the number of additional people affected (compared to 2007) is expected to be 16 to 44 million,</span></em><span>&#8221; </span><a href="https://www.agefi.fr/news/economie-marches/leau-accede-a-un-statut-de-ressource-critique"><span>the UNECE (UN Economic Commission for Europe) noted at the time</span></a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a><span>.</span></p><p><span>The integration of new variables has since led to upward revisions of these estimates. </span><a href="https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/use-of-freshwater-resources-in-europe-1"><span>The European Environment Agency (EEA)</span></a><span> now estimates that, on average, &#8220;</span><em><span>about 30% of EU territory and 33% of the population are affected each year.</span></em><span>&#8221; The institution added that </span><em><span>&#8220;given ... a worsening trend since 2010, a reduction in water scarcity by 2030 appears unlikely.</span></em><span>&#8221;</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xwuF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9793809-4946-4274-aae3-77ccf184a2fe_1440x720.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xwuF!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9793809-4946-4274-aae3-77ccf184a2fe_1440x720.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xwuF!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9793809-4946-4274-aae3-77ccf184a2fe_1440x720.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xwuF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9793809-4946-4274-aae3-77ccf184a2fe_1440x720.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xwuF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9793809-4946-4274-aae3-77ccf184a2fe_1440x720.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xwuF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9793809-4946-4274-aae3-77ccf184a2fe_1440x720.png" width="1440" height="720" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d9793809-4946-4274-aae3-77ccf184a2fe_1440x720.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/877ba525-6cb4-40f6-b6bf-7e598202e5fe_1440x720.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:1440,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:618452,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/207795354?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F877ba525-6cb4-40f6-b6bf-7e598202e5fe_1440x720.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xwuF!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9793809-4946-4274-aae3-77ccf184a2fe_1440x720.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xwuF!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9793809-4946-4274-aae3-77ccf184a2fe_1440x720.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xwuF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9793809-4946-4274-aae3-77ccf184a2fe_1440x720.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xwuF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9793809-4946-4274-aae3-77ccf184a2fe_1440x720.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>Projections for France </span><a href="https://www.strategie-plan.gouv.fr/files/files/Publications/2025/2025-06-25%20-%20NA%20156%20-%20L%27eau%20en%202050/HCSP-2025-NA156-Eau-9juillet-18h.pdf"><span>were made public in June 2025</span></a><span>. Looking ahead to 2050, the combined effect of dwindling supply and surging demand&#8212;driven by heat-induced agricultural irrigation, industrial needs, and demographic growth&#8212;is expected to worsen hydrological conditions in nearly 90% of French watersheds during the month of July, according to the Haut-Commissariat &#224; la Strat&#233;gie et au Plan [Ed. the French government&#8217;s strategic planning and forecasting agency].</span></p><h3><span>Quantifying Double Materiality</span></h3><p><span>While managing the French drought requires immediate financial relief, supporting economic actors over the medium and long term demands a radical overhaul of risk modeling. Current methodologies integrate climate factors but struggle to capture risks related to biodiversity and the loss of ecosystem services.</span></p><p><span>The </span><a href="https://www.banque-france.fr/en/node/1922383"><span>Research Chair on the &#8220;Economic and Financial Modeling of Risks Related to Nature,&#8221;</span></a><span> launched on July 6 at the initiative of the Banque de France, aims to bridge this analytical deficit. It seeks to dismantle the traditional approach that either ignores or aggregates nature&#8217;s services within corporate balance sheets.</span></p><p><span>According to Lionel Fontagn&#233; (Paris School of Economics - PSE), this initiative is unprecedented and positions French research at the forefront of the field.</span></p><p><span>&#8220;</span><em><span>The primary objective of the Chair is to accurately quantify the bidirectional interactions between ecosystems and the financial sphere. On one hand, it will measure the adverse impacts of environmental degradation on economic activity and financial stability. Conversely, it will assess how economic activity itself drives biodiversity loss - a concept known within European regulatory bodies as &#8216;double materiality&#8217;</span></em><span>,&#8221; explains Laurent Clerc, Deputy Director-General for Statistics, Economics, and International Business at the Banque de France. For Clerc, the Chair is primarily &#8220;</span><em><span>a vehicle for companies to finally integrate the vulnerabilities directly tied to the living world into their corporate strategies and risk management.</span></em><span>&#8221;</span></p><p><span>This approach extends the work of the Network for Greening the Financial System </span><a href="https://www.agefi.fr/news/economie-marches/les-banques-centrales-publient-une-grille-danalyse-sur-la-biodiversite"><span>(NGFS), which has been working since 2022 to estimate the macroeconomic impacts of nature degradation</span></a><span> globally</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a><span>. This Chair, in partnership with the NGFS, aims to translate theoretical concepts and environmental indicators into actionable tools for operational decision-making.</span></p><p><span>One of the research program&#8217;s immediate workstreams will be to develop operational financial metrics for risk management by adapting existing macroeconomic models, such as SCALE (developed at &#201;cole Polytechnique) or SNOW (developed at PSE). &#8220;</span><em><span>Our goal is to reintroduce nature into production functions</span></em><span>,&#8221; says Lionel Fontagn&#233;, noting that physical events, such as a lack of precipitation, have &#8220;</span><em><span>inevitable consequences</span></em><span>&#8221; for financial and insurance systems.</span></p><h3><span>A Systemic Risk Finally Identified</span></h3><p><span>Water has emerged as the priority issue for monetary authorities and researchers alike. Identified as the most critical risk in terms of both probability and impact, water stress is no longer confined to traditionally exposed sectors; it now threatens the stability of the entire French and European economic fabric.</span></p><p><span>According to the Banque de France, losses stemming solely from water restrictions during periods of hydric stress could wipe out up to 7% of total revenue for certain domestic industrial companies. The outlook across the EU is equally alarming: the European Central Bank (ECB) estimates that 72% of non-financial corporations in the euro area are highly dependent on at least one ecosystem service, with water ranking at the top of these dependencies.</span></p><p><span>To compensate for the lack of granular, on-the-ground data - which companies are invited to share confidentially with researchers - artificial intelligence will be deployed to reconstruct supply-chain environmental footprints, including deforestation. CREST (Center for Research in Economics and Statistics) is spearheading this methodological module.</span></p><p><span>&#8220;</span><em><span>In fact, nature is an unpriced input in traditional production functions. As it deteriorates, we are witnessing a structural decline in the productive capacity of whole sectors of the economy,</span></em><span>&#8221; summarizes Ivan Odonnat, Director General for Financial Stability and Operations at the Banque de France.</span></p><p><span>The research agenda incorporates a strong forecasting dimension. It outlines transition scenarios for 2040, 2050, and 2060 - such as the large-scale adoption of agroecology or stringent conservation policies for natural habitats. These will be run through the models to calculate their structural impacts on employment, inflation, and sectoral value added.</span></p><p><span>&#8220;</span><em><span>Through this research, we hope to improve market participants&#8217; understanding of the risks they face, and contribute to major international initiatives,</span></em><span>&#8221; notes Laurent Clerc, who hopes to see other public and private institutions join the Chair&#8217;s work and funding. To serve the public good, all datasets will be open access and made freely available. For investors and insurers, the stakes extend far beyond the academic realm. At risk is their very ability to anticipate losses comparable to those already recorded in France - up to &#8364;18 billion for the industrial sector</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a><span> - and to price them into their asset allocation and hedging decisions.</span></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#8220;Pays &#233;mergents - Les enjeux des investissements en infrastructures&#8221; - Annick Masounave, Banque Strat&#233;gie, February 2007</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#8220;L&#8217;eau acc&#232;de &#224; un statut de ressource critique&#8221; - Annick Masounave, L&#8217;Agefi, 23 mars 2023</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#8220;Les banques centrales publient une grille d&#8217;analyse sur la nature&#8221; - Annick Masounave, L&#8217;Agefi, 7 septembre 2023</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Source: Banque de France</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Eau et nature : comment passer de la gestion de crise à la prospective économique]]></title><description><![CDATA[Alors que la France traverse sa pire s&#233;cheresse historique, une chaire de recherche in&#233;dite s'attaque &#224; la mod&#233;lisation financi&#232;re des risques li&#233;s &#224; la nature.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/eau-et-nature-comment-passer-de-la-gestion-de-crise-a-la-prospective-economique</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/eau-et-nature-comment-passer-de-la-gestion-de-crise-a-la-prospective-economique</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2026 21:14:54 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dW3N!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe73621f1-06db-4809-9e36-adc957be572d_4987x1976.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dW3N!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe73621f1-06db-4809-9e36-adc957be572d_4987x1976.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dW3N!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe73621f1-06db-4809-9e36-adc957be572d_4987x1976.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dW3N!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe73621f1-06db-4809-9e36-adc957be572d_4987x1976.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dW3N!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe73621f1-06db-4809-9e36-adc957be572d_4987x1976.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dW3N!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe73621f1-06db-4809-9e36-adc957be572d_4987x1976.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dW3N!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe73621f1-06db-4809-9e36-adc957be572d_4987x1976.png" width="4987" height="1976" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dW3N!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe73621f1-06db-4809-9e36-adc957be572d_4987x1976.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dW3N!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe73621f1-06db-4809-9e36-adc957be572d_4987x1976.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dW3N!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe73621f1-06db-4809-9e36-adc957be572d_4987x1976.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dW3N!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe73621f1-06db-4809-9e36-adc957be572d_4987x1976.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Monique Barbut, ministre de la Transition Ecologique, et Mathieu Lef&#232;vre, ministre d&#233;l&#233;gu&#233; aupr&#232;s de la ministre de la Transition &#233;cologique au centre de crise du minist&#232;re, 15 juillet 2026</figcaption></figure></div><p><span>Cet &#233;t&#233;, face &#224; la multiplication des &#233;pisodes de canicule et &#224; la mat&#233;rialisation d&#8217;une s&#233;cheresse s&#233;v&#232;re, le gouvernement fran&#231;ais tente de parer au plus press&#233;.</span></p><p><span>Lors de la r&#233;union de suivi du 15 juillet dernier, la ministre de la Transition &#201;cologique Monique Barbut a dress&#233; un constat sans &#233;quivoque: &#8220;</span><em><span>Nous traversons une situation de s&#233;cheresse exceptionnelle, tant par sa pr&#233;cocit&#233; que par son intensit&#233;. </span></em><span>(...) </span><em><span>Ce qui rend la situation particuli&#232;rement pr&#233;occupante, c&#8217;est qu&#8217;elle survient alors que les pr&#233;cipitations du printemps &#233;taient globalement dans les normales.</span></em><span>&#8221; Et de conclure: &#8220;</span><em><span>Aujourd&#8217;hui, c&#8217;est l&#8217;enti&#232;ret&#233; du cycle de l&#8217;eau qui est affect&#233;e.</span></em><span>&#8221;</span></p><p><span>M&#233;t&#233;o France confirme que la France vit le pire &#233;pisode de s&#233;cheresse de son histoire: &#8220;</span><em><span>Au 15 juillet, l&#8217;humidit&#233; des sols atteint des niveaux exceptionnellement bas, d&#233;passant les situations observ&#233;es en 1976, 2022 et 2025 &#224; la m&#234;me date.</span></em><span> (...) </span><em><span>La hausse des temp&#233;ratures accentue l&#8217;&#233;vaporation des sols et renforce les d&#233;ficits hydriques.</span></em><span>&#8221;</span></p><p><span>Le 9 juillet, </span><a href="https://www.transitions.news/p/engrais-letat-francais-deploie-un-plan-durgence?r=4qi2zc"><span>la ministre de l&#8217;Agriculture Annie Genevard </span></a><span> alertait d&#233;j&#224; sur une pr&#233;visible &#8220;</span><em><span>crise des rendements</span></em><span>&#8221;, cons&#233;quence directe des &#233;pisodes de chaleur et  de la difficult&#233; d'acc&#232;s aux engrais.</span></p><h3><strong><span>Une prise en compte tardive</span></strong></h3><p><span>La multiplication des plans d&#8217;urgence est inversement proportionnelle &#224; la capacit&#233; d&#8217;anticipation des &#201;tats, pourtant alert&#233;s par plusieurs institutions multilat&#233;rales.</span></p><p><span>Ainsi, d&#232;s son entr&#233;e en fonctions en 2006, l&#8217;ancien secr&#233;taire g&#233;n&#233;ral de l&#8217;OCDE, </span><a href="https://www.revue-banque.fr/binrepository/0000000000000000000_BRB01797_MG108003824.pdf"><span>Angel Gurr&#237;a, avait fait de la gestion de l&#8217;eau </span></a><span>un axe strat&#233;gique majeur</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a><span>. C&#8217;est sous son impulsion qu&#8217;ont &#233;t&#233; cr&#233;&#233;s, en particulier, les </span><em><a href="https://www.oecd.org/fr/topics/sub-issues/water-governance/the-oecd-principles-on-water-governance-and-implementation-strategy.html"><span>Principes de l&#8217;OCDE sur la gouvernance de l&#8217;eau</span></a></em><span>.</span></p><p><span>Fait notable,  les Nations unies n&#8217;ont organis&#233; aucun sommet exclusivement consacr&#233; &#224; l&#8217;eau entre 1977, avec la conf&#233;rence de Mar del Plata, et 2023, &#224; New York. Le </span><a href="https://sdgs.un.org/conferences/water2023/action-agenda"><span>Programme d&#8217;action mondial adopt</span></a><span>&#233; &#224; l&#8217;issue de la conf&#233;rence de 2023 avait pour objectif de pallier le retard structurel sur la gestion de cette ressource, </span><a href="https://www.agefi.fr/news/economie-marches/leau-accede-a-un-statut-de-ressource-critiqu"><span>les projections &#224; 2050 estimant d&#233;j&#224; que la moiti&#233; de la population mondiale subirait un stress hydrique s&#233;v&#232;re ou temporaire</span></a><span>. Les pr&#233;visions pour l&#8217;Union europ&#233;enne &#233;taient d&#233;j&#224; pr&#233;occupantes. &#8220;</span><em><span>Environ 35% de la superficie de l'Union europ&#233;enne sera soumise &#224; un stress hydrique &#233;lev&#233; d'ici les ann&#233;es 2070, date &#224; laquelle le nombre de personnes suppl&#233;mentaires touch&#233;es (par rapport &#224; 2007) devrait &#234;tre de 16 &#224; 44 millions</span></em><span>&#8221;, &#233;crivait  l'UNECE (Commission des Nations unies pour l&#8217;Europe) &#224; cette &#233;poque</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a><span>.</span></p><p><span>L&#8217;int&#233;gration de nouvelles variables a depuis permis de r&#233;&#233;valuer ces estimations &#224; la hausse. </span><a href="https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/use-of-freshwater-resources-in-europe-1"><span>L&#8217;Agence europ&#233;enne pour l&#8217;Environnement (AEE)</span></a><span> estime qu&#8217;en moyenne &#8220;</span><em><span>environ 30 % du territoire de l&#8217;UE et 33 % de sa population sont touch&#233;s chaque ann&#233;e.</span></em><span>&#8221; L&#8217;institution pr&#233;cise que &#8220;</span><em><span>face &#224; un ph&#233;nom&#232;ne d&#8217;aggravation constat&#233; depuis 2010, une inversion de la tendance d&#8217;ici 2030 est hautement improbable.</span></em><span>&#8221; </span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VCWP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fce7c954f-acf6-43bf-944f-546b7b2de969_1440x720.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VCWP!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fce7c954f-acf6-43bf-944f-546b7b2de969_1440x720.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VCWP!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fce7c954f-acf6-43bf-944f-546b7b2de969_1440x720.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VCWP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fce7c954f-acf6-43bf-944f-546b7b2de969_1440x720.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VCWP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fce7c954f-acf6-43bf-944f-546b7b2de969_1440x720.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VCWP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fce7c954f-acf6-43bf-944f-546b7b2de969_1440x720.png" width="1440" height="720" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VCWP!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fce7c954f-acf6-43bf-944f-546b7b2de969_1440x720.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VCWP!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fce7c954f-acf6-43bf-944f-546b7b2de969_1440x720.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VCWP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fce7c954f-acf6-43bf-944f-546b7b2de969_1440x720.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VCWP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fce7c954f-acf6-43bf-944f-546b7b2de969_1440x720.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.strategie-plan.gouv.fr/files/files/Publications/2025/2025-06-25%20-%20NA%20156%20-%20L%27eau%20en%202050/HCSP-2025-NA156-Eau-9juillet-18h.pdf"><span>Les pr&#233;visions pour la France ont &#233;t&#233; rendues publiques en juin 2025</span></a><span>. A horizon 2050, sous l'effet combin&#233; de la baisse de la ressource et de la hausse de la demande (irrigation agricole accrue par la chaleur, besoins industriels et d&#233;mographiques), la situation hydrique devrait s'aggraver dans pr&#232;s de 90 % des bassins versants fran&#231;ais durant le mois de juillet, selon le Haut-Commissariat &#224; la Strat&#233;gie et au Plan.</span></p><h3><strong><span>Chiffrer la double mat&#233;rialit&#233;</span></strong></h3><p><span>Si la gestion de l&#8217;&#233;pisode de s&#233;cheresse fran&#231;ais n&#233;cessite des mesures financi&#232;res d&#8217;urgence, l&#8217;accompagnement des acteurs &#233;conomiques sur le moyen et le long terme impose une refonte des m&#233;thodes de mod&#233;lisation des risques, qui ont int&#233;gr&#233; le facteur climatique mais peinent &#224; appr&#233;hender les risques li&#233;s &#224; la biodiversit&#233; et &#224; la perte des services &#233;cosyst&#233;miques.</span></p><p><a href="https://www.banque-france.fr/fr/communiques-de-presse/lancement-de-la-chaire-modelisation-des-risques-economiques-et-financiers-lies-la-nature"><span>La chaire &#8220;Mod&#233;lisation des risques &#233;conomiques et financiers li&#233;s &#224; la nature&#8221;</span></a><span>, lanc&#233;e le 6 juillet dernier &#224; l&#8217;initiative de la Banque de France, a pour ambition de combler ce d&#233;ficit analytique, en brisant l&#8217;approche traditionnelle qui occulte ou agr&#232;ge les services rendus par la nature dans les bilans &#233;conomiques.</span></p><p><span>Il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;une initiative sans &#233;quivalent &#224; ce jour, qui place la recherche fran&#231;aise dans une position de pionnier, selon Lionel Fontagn&#233; (PSE).</span></p><p><span>&#8220;</span><em><span>L&#8217;objectif premier de la chaire est de quantifier avec pr&#233;cision les interactions bidirectionnelles entre les &#233;cosyst&#232;mes et la sph&#232;re financi&#232;re. Il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;un c&#244;t&#233; de mesurer les effets d&#233;l&#233;t&#232;res de la d&#233;gradation de la nature sur l&#8217;activit&#233; &#233;conomique et la stabilit&#233; des institutions financi&#232;res. &#192; l&#8217;inverse, les travaux doivent permettre d&#8217;&#233;valuer la contribution de l&#8217;activit&#233; &#233;conomique elle-m&#234;me &#224; l&#8217;&#233;rosion du vivant, un concept d&#233;sign&#233; sous le terme de &#8220;double mat&#233;rialit&#233;&#8221; dans les instances europ&#233;ennes</span></em><span>&#8221;, explique Laurent Clerc, adjoint au directeur g&#233;n&#233;ral des Statistiques, des &#201;tudes et de l&#8217;International &#224; la Banque de France. Pour lui, cette chaire est avant tout </span><em><span>&#8220;une fa&#231;on pour les entreprises d&#8217;int&#233;grer enfin, dans leur strat&#233;gie et leur gestion des risques, les vuln&#233;rabilit&#233;s directement li&#233;es au vivant.&#8221;</span></em></p><p>Cette d&#233;marche vient prolonger les <a href="https://www.agefi.fr/news/economie-marches/les-banques-centrales-publient-une-grille-danalyse-sur-la-biodiversite">travaux du </a><em><a href="https://www.agefi.fr/news/economie-marches/les-banques-centrales-publient-une-grille-danalyse-sur-la-biodiversite">Network for Greening the Financial System</a></em><a href="https://www.agefi.fr/news/economie-marches/les-banques-centrales-publient-une-grille-danalyse-sur-la-biodiversite"> (NGFS)</a> qui, depuis 2022, s'efforce d'estimer les impacts macro&#233;conomiques mondiaux de la d&#233;gradation de la nature<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a>. Cette chaire, dont le NGFS est partenaire, ambitionne de traduire les concepts th&#233;oriques et les indicateurs environnementaux en outils d'aide &#224; la d&#233;cision op&#233;rationnelle.</p><p><span>L&#8217;un des chantiers du programme de recherche consistera justement &#224; d&#233;velopper des indicateurs financiers exploitables pour la gestion des risques, en adaptant des mod&#232;les macro&#233;conomiques existants comme SCALE (d&#233;velopp&#233; &#224; l&#8217;&#201;cole Polytechnique) ou SNOW (d&#233;velopp&#233; &#224; l&#8217;&#201;cole d&#8217;&#201;conomie de Paris - PSE). &#8220;</span><em><span>Notre objectif est de r&#233;introduire la nature dans des fonctions de production</span></em><span>&#8221;, selon Lionel Fontagn&#233;, pr&#233;cisant que les &#233;v&#233;nements physiques, tels que l&#8217;absence de pr&#233;cipitations, ont des </span><em><span>&#8220;cons&#233;quences n&#233;cessaires&#8221;</span></em><span> sur les syst&#232;mes financiers et les assurances.</span></p><h3><strong><span>Un risque syst&#233;mique enfin nomm&#233;</span></strong></h3><p><span>L&#8217;eau s&#8217;est impos&#233;e comme la th&#233;matique prioritaire pour les autorit&#233;s mon&#233;taires et les chercheurs. Identifi&#233; comme le risque le plus critique en termes de probabilit&#233; et d&#8217;impact, le stress hydrique ne concerne plus uniquement les secteurs traditionnellement expos&#233;s, mais menace d&#233;sormais la stabilit&#233; de l&#8217;ensemble du tissu &#233;conomique fran&#231;ais et europ&#233;en.</span></p><p><span>Les pertes li&#233;es aux seules restrictions d&#8217;eau en p&#233;riode de stress hydrique pourraient atteindre 7 % du chiffre d&#8217;affaires global de certaines entreprises industrielles, selon la Banque de France. Le constat, &#224; l&#8217;&#233;chelle de l&#8217;UE, est tout aussi alarmant : la Banque centrale europ&#233;enne (BCE) estime que 72 % des entreprises non financi&#232;res de la zone euro d&#233;pendent fortement d&#8217;au moins un service &#233;cosyst&#233;mique, l&#8217;eau figurant au sommet de ces d&#233;pendances.</span></p><p><span>Pour pallier le manque de donn&#233;es &#8220;terrain&#8221; - que les entreprises sont invit&#233;es &#224; fournir de fa&#231;on confidentielle aux chercheurs -, l&#8217;intelligence artificielle sera mise &#224; contribution pour reconstruire les impacts environnementaux, dont la d&#233;forestation, tout au long des cha&#238;nes d&#8217;approvisionnement. Le CREST (Centre de Recherche en &#201;conomie et Statistique) est le pilote de cette brique m&#233;thodologique.</span></p><p><em><span>&#171; La nature, c&#8217;est au fond un peu l&#8217;intrant qu&#8217;on ne valorise pas dans les fonctions de production. Quand elle se d&#233;grade, c&#8217;est la capacit&#233; de production de secteurs entiers qui s&#8217;affaiblit &#187;</span></em><span>, r&#233;sume Ivan Odonnat, directeur g&#233;n&#233;ral de la Stabilit&#233; financi&#232;re et des Op&#233;rations &#224; la Banque de France.</span></p><p><span>Le programme de travail se veut &#233;galement prospectif. Il pr&#233;voit le d&#233;veloppement de sc&#233;narios de transition &#224; horizon 2040, 2050 et 2060, tels que le d&#233;veloppement massif de l&#8217;agro&#233;cologie ou des politiques de protection stricte des espaces naturels, qui seront soumis aux mod&#232;les afin de calculer leurs effets sur l&#8217;emploi, les prix et la valeur ajout&#233;e sectorielle.</span></p><p><span>&#8220;</span><em><span>Avec ces travaux, nous souhaitons am&#233;liorer la compr&#233;hension des risques auxquels les acteurs sont expos&#233;s, et contribuer aux travaux des grandes initiatives internationales</span></em><span>,&#8221; pr&#233;cise Laurent Clerc, qui esp&#232;re voir d&#8217;autres institutions publiques et priv&#233;es participer aux travaux et au financement de la chaire. Dans le souci de servir l&#8217;int&#233;r&#234;t g&#233;n&#233;ral, des bases de donn&#233;es seront d&#233;velopp&#233;es et mises &#224; disposition gratuitement. Pour les investisseurs et les assureurs, l&#8217;enjeu d&#233;passe le cadre acad&#233;mique. C&#8217;est leur capacit&#233; &#224; anticiper des pertes comparables &#224; celles d&#233;j&#224; mesur&#233;es en France -  jusqu&#8217;&#224; 18 milliards d&#8217;euros pour le secteur industriel </span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a><span> -, et &#224; en tenir compte dans leurs d&#233;cisions d&#8217;allocation et de couverture, qui est en jeu.</span></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#8220;Pays &#233;mergents - Les enjeux des investissements en infrastructures&#8221; - Annick Masounave, Banque Strat&#233;gie, f&#233;vrier 2007</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#8220;L&#8217;eau acc&#232;de &#224; un statut de ressource critique&#8221; - Annick Masounave, L&#8217;Agefi, 23 mars 2023</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#8220;Les banques centrales publient une grille d&#8217;analyse sur la nature&#8221; - Annick Masounave, L&#8217;Agefi, 7 septembre 2023</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Source : Banque de France</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Fertilizers: French Government Unveils Emergency Measures ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Facing systemic vulnerability in its fertilizer supply, France is deploying &#8364;145m in emergency relief and committing &#8364;2bn in long-term investments to rebuild industrial sovereignty]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/fertilizers-french-government-unveils-emergency-measures</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/fertilizers-french-government-unveils-emergency-measures</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2026 17:37:28 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yoxb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9100fd3e-1067-476a-975e-bbb7078e72f9_3854x1226.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yoxb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9100fd3e-1067-476a-975e-bbb7078e72f9_3854x1226.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yoxb!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9100fd3e-1067-476a-975e-bbb7078e72f9_3854x1226.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yoxb!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9100fd3e-1067-476a-975e-bbb7078e72f9_3854x1226.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yoxb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9100fd3e-1067-476a-975e-bbb7078e72f9_3854x1226.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yoxb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9100fd3e-1067-476a-975e-bbb7078e72f9_3854x1226.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yoxb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9100fd3e-1067-476a-975e-bbb7078e72f9_3854x1226.png" width="1456" height="463" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yoxb!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9100fd3e-1067-476a-975e-bbb7078e72f9_3854x1226.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yoxb!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9100fd3e-1067-476a-975e-bbb7078e72f9_3854x1226.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yoxb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9100fd3e-1067-476a-975e-bbb7078e72f9_3854x1226.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yoxb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9100fd3e-1067-476a-975e-bbb7078e72f9_3854x1226.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Annie Genevard, Minister for Agriculture, Agro-Industrial Affairs and Food Sovereignty, and S&#233;bastien Martin, Minister Delegate for Industry - Paris, July 9, 2026</figcaption></figure></div><p><span>The &#8220;Fertilizer Plan&#8221; unveiled by the French government on July 9 addresses a dual challenge: mitigating short-term price spikes to secure farm supplies, while engineering long-term strategic autonomy in the country&#8217;s agricultural inputs.</span></p><p><span>Russia&#8217;s invasion of Ukraine had already upended international supply chains, underscoring France&#8217;s acute exposure to imported fertilizers.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YctS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feecfc916-94cd-4d02-aa70-22465ed492a8_1502x704.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YctS!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feecfc916-94cd-4d02-aa70-22465ed492a8_1502x704.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YctS!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feecfc916-94cd-4d02-aa70-22465ed492a8_1502x704.png 848w, 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YctS!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feecfc916-94cd-4d02-aa70-22465ed492a8_1502x704.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YctS!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feecfc916-94cd-4d02-aa70-22465ed492a8_1502x704.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YctS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feecfc916-94cd-4d02-aa70-22465ed492a8_1502x704.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YctS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feecfc916-94cd-4d02-aa70-22465ed492a8_1502x704.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Geopolitical conflicts act as Direct Price Drivers (Ukraine 2022, Iran 2026)</figcaption></figure></div><p><span>When the blockade of the Strait of Hormuz began in February 2026, French and European farmers initially felt relieved. Anticipating the implementation of the EU&#8217;s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) on January 1, 2026, they had largely finalized their fertilizer purchases by autumn 2025. However, prolonged uncertainty surrounding this critical trade route - which handles 30% of global nitrogen volumes - now threatens to disrupt procurement for the 2027-2028 season.</span></p><p><span>Agriculture Minister Annie Genevard delivered a stark assessment of skyrocketing input costs, which remain heavily correlated with global geopolitical instability. She noted that urea prices have surged from &#8364;540 to over &#8364;800 per metric ton. Meanwhile, ammonium nitrate is trading at &#8364;560/t (up from &#8364;500), and nitrogen solutions have climbed to approximately &#8364;470/t. This sudden inflationary shock represents a severe blow for farmers, many of whom have struggled to earn a viable income over the past three seasons, thereby justifying direct state intervention to subsidize fertilizer procurement.</span></p><h3><span>A &#8364;145 Million Mitigation Package</span></h3><p><span>To address immediate liquidity pressures, the Ministry of Agriculture has tasked FranceAgriMer with managing a one-stop-shop portal, set to open on August 1. A total of &#8364;145 million will be disbursed to eligible farmers, combining &#8364;107 million from the </span><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_1348"><span>European Commission&#8217;s agricultural reserve</span></a><span> with additional domestic public funding. The subsidy covers nitrogen fertilizer purchases made between June 1, 2026, and September 30, 2026 - a deadline that will serve as a checkpoint to reassess geopolitical risks in the Middle East.</span></p><p><span>&#8220;</span><em><span>France is set to receive 20% of the European Commission&#8217;s total &#8364;540 million crisis envelope, making our country its primary beneficiary</span></em><span>,&#8221; Minister Genevard stated.</span></p><p><span>These immediate measures are paired with structural, mid-to-long-term initiatives. The national &#8220;Fertilizer Plan&#8221; aligns with </span><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_1099"><span>the broader European framework presented on May 19</span></a><span> and will soon undergo public consultation. It targets three main objectives: a 50% reduction in fertilizer consumption alongside a 50% increase in domestic production, and the deployment of advanced digital monitoring tools to optimize nitrogen efficiency.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><em><strong><span>Note:</span></strong><span> On July 7, </span><a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20260706IPR46307/fertiliser-prices-meps-approve-support-for-farmers"><span>the European Parliament voted in favor of supplementary support measures</span></a><span>, which currently await final approval from the European Council.</span></em></p></div><h3><span>Decarbonization as a Geopolitical Hedge</span></h3><p><span>On the industrial front, the government announced a &#8364;2 billion investment package for the domestic fertilizer sector, backed by &#8364;620 million in public funding. &#8220;</span><em><span>Our objective is to cement our strategic autonomy by scaling up the production of low-carbon fertilizers,</span></em><span>&#8221; declared S&#233;bastien Martin, Minister Delegate for Industry.</span></p><p><span>&#8220;</span><em><span>We must systematically stress-test all of our dependencies,</span></em><span>&#8221; emphasized Annie Genevard, reflecting on her recent diplomatic visit to China, whose strategic autonomy policies she described as inspiring. The Minister warned that France&#8217;s food sovereignty is under direct threat from international geopolitical crises, noting that a lack of fertilizers inevitably translates to a collapse in crop yields. From this standpoint, she argued that agricultural production constitutes &#8220;</span><em><span>a matter of national sovereignty on par with military defense,</span></em><span>&#8221; describing a nation&#8217;s capacities to feed and defend itself as the core pillars of independence.</span></p><h3></h3><div><hr></div><h3><strong><span>Further Reading</span></strong></h3><ul><li><p><a href="https://www.i4ce.org/en/cbam-fertilisers-ring-fencing-budgets-help-farmers-reduce-use-mineral-fertilisers-climate/">CBAM and fertilisers: ring-fencing budgets to help farmers reduce their use of mineral fertilisers</a><span>, Lucille Forgissart, I4CE, January 16, 2026.</span></p></li><li><p><span>[In French] </span><a href="https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Articles/2026/03/13/qui-seme-la-guerre-ne-seme-guere-les-engrais">Qui s&#232;me la guerre ne s&#232;me gu&#232;re les engrais</a><span>, Hayet Afou, French Directorate-General of the Treasury (DG Tr&#233;sor), March 13, 2026.</span></p></li></ul>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Engrais : l’État français déploie un plan d’urgence]]></title><description><![CDATA[Face &#224; la d&#233;pendance aux approvisionnements en engrais, l&#8217;&#201;tat d&#233;ploie 145 M&#8364; d&#8217;aides d&#8217;urgence et investit 2 Mds&#8364; pour reb&#226;tir sa souverainet&#233; industrielle.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/engrais-letat-francais-deploie-un-plan-durgence</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/engrais-letat-francais-deploie-un-plan-durgence</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2026 14:35:26 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yoxb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9100fd3e-1067-476a-975e-bbb7078e72f9_3854x1226.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yoxb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9100fd3e-1067-476a-975e-bbb7078e72f9_3854x1226.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yoxb!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9100fd3e-1067-476a-975e-bbb7078e72f9_3854x1226.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yoxb!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9100fd3e-1067-476a-975e-bbb7078e72f9_3854x1226.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yoxb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9100fd3e-1067-476a-975e-bbb7078e72f9_3854x1226.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yoxb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9100fd3e-1067-476a-975e-bbb7078e72f9_3854x1226.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yoxb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9100fd3e-1067-476a-975e-bbb7078e72f9_3854x1226.png" width="3854" height="1226" 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Annie Genevard, ministre de l&#8217;Agriculture, de l&#8217;agro-alimentaire et de la souverainet&#233; alimentaire, et S&#233;bastien Martin, ministre d&#233;l&#233;gu&#233; charg&#233; de l&#8217;Industrie, le 9 juillet 2026</figcaption></figure></div><p><span>Le plan &#8220;Engrais&#8221; pr&#233;sent&#233; par le gouvernement le 9 juillet cherche &#224; r&#233;pondre &#224; l&#8217;urgence de court terme - contenir la flamb&#233;e des prix et assurer l&#8217;approvisionnement des exploitations - et aux r&#233;ponses de long terme - am&#233;liorer l&#8217;autonomie strat&#233;gique de la France face &#224; ses approvisionnements.</span></p><p><span>L&#8217;invasion de l&#8217;Ukraine par la Russie avait d&#233;j&#224; rebattu les cartes des cha&#238;nes d&#8217;approvisionnement, et fait la preuve de la d&#233;pendance de la France aux importations d&#8217;engrais.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Yk9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a927b9f-49fb-4147-9616-82211acb318d_1502x704.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Yk9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a927b9f-49fb-4147-9616-82211acb318d_1502x704.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Yk9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a927b9f-49fb-4147-9616-82211acb318d_1502x704.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Yk9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a927b9f-49fb-4147-9616-82211acb318d_1502x704.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Yk9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a927b9f-49fb-4147-9616-82211acb318d_1502x704.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Yk9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a927b9f-49fb-4147-9616-82211acb318d_1502x704.png" width="1456" height="682" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Yk9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a927b9f-49fb-4147-9616-82211acb318d_1502x704.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Yk9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a927b9f-49fb-4147-9616-82211acb318d_1502x704.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Yk9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a927b9f-49fb-4147-9616-82211acb318d_1502x704.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Yk9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a927b9f-49fb-4147-9616-82211acb318d_1502x704.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Les prix des engrais sont directement impact&#233;s par les conflits (Ukraine en 2022, Iran en 2026)</figcaption></figure></div><p><span>Lorsque le blocage du d&#233;troit d&#8217;Ormuz est intervenu, en f&#233;vrier 2026, les agriculteurs fran&#231;ais et europ&#233;ens ont commenc&#233; par pousser un soupir de soulagement: en anticipation de l&#8217;entr&#233;e en vigueur du MACF (M&#233;canisme d&#8217;ajustement carbone aux fronti&#232;res) au 1er janvier 2026, les achats d&#8217;engrais avaient &#233;t&#233; boucl&#233;s d&#232;s l&#8217;automne 2025. Cependant les incertitudes qui perdurent sur le d&#233;blocage d&#8217;une route commerciale qui voit transiter 30% des engrais azot&#233;s mondiaux pourraient perturber les achats destin&#233;s &#224; la saison 2027-2028.</span></p><p><span>La ministre de l&#8217;agriculture, de l&#8217;agro-alimentaire et de la souverainet&#233; alimentaire Annie Genevard a dress&#233; un bilan alarmant de l&#8217;envol&#233;e des prix des intrants, directement corr&#233;l&#233;e &#224; l&#8217;instabilit&#233; g&#233;opolitique mondiale: le prix de l&#8217;ur&#233;e est pass&#233; de 540 &#8364; &#224; plus de 800 &#8364; la tonne, a-t-elle rappel&#233;; les ammonitrates s&#8217;&#233;changent &#224; 560&#8364;/t, contre 500&#8364; pr&#233;c&#233;demment, tandis que le tarif de la solution azot&#233;e s&#8217;&#233;tablit autour de 470&#8364;/t. Cette inflation subite a &#233;t&#233; qualifi&#233;e de v&#233;ritable &#8220;</span><em><span>&#233;preuve</span></em><span>&#8221; pour des agriculteurs qui ont &#8220;</span><em><span>pein&#233; &#224; se verser un salaire</span></em><span>&#8221; au cours des trois saisons pr&#233;c&#233;dentes. Elle justifie un plan d&#8217;urgence destin&#233; &#224; subventionner les achats d&#8217;engrais.</span></p><h3><span>145 millions d&#8217;euros pour all&#233;ger la facture</span></h3><p><span>A court terme, le minist&#232;re confie &#224; FranceAgriMer la gestion d&#8217;un guichet unique, qui ouvre le 1er ao&#251;t prochain. Au total 145 millions d&#8217;euros seront distribu&#233;s aux agriculteurs &#233;ligibles : 107 millions d&#8217;euros issus de la r&#233;serve de crise de la Commission europ&#233;enne, auxquels s&#8217;ajoutent des cr&#233;dits d&#233;bloqu&#233;s par l&#8217;&#201;tat. L&#8217;aide s&#8217;appliquera aux achats d&#8217;engrais azot&#233;s effectu&#233;s entre le 1er juin 2026 et le 30 septembre 2026. A cette date, un point de situation permettra d&#8217;appr&#233;cier l&#8217;&#233;volution de la situation au Proche-Orient.</span></p><p><span>&#8220;</span><em><span>La France va percevoir 20% de l&#8217;enveloppe totale distribu&#233;e par la Commission europ&#233;enne, qui s&#8217;&#233;l&#232;ve &#224; 540 millions d&#8217;euros. Elle en est la principale b&#233;n&#233;ficiaire</span></em><span>&#8221;, a pr&#233;cis&#233; la ministre.</span></p><p>Les annonces du jour couvrent &#233;galement des projets de moyen et long terme. Le &#8220;Plan Engrais&#8221; national s&#8217;inscrit dans <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/fr/ip_26_1099">le cadre europ&#233;en pr&#233;sent&#233; le 19 mai dernier </a>et sera prochainement soumis &#224; consultation. L&#8217;objectif est double: r&#233;duire la consommation d'engrais de 50 %, et augmenter la production de 50%, tout en renfor&#231;ant les outils de pilotage des engrais azot&#233;s afin d&#8217;en optimiser la consommation.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><strong>A noter </strong>-  Le 7 juillet, <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/fr/press-room/20260706IPR46307/prix-des-engrais-les-deputes-votent-en-faveur-d-aides-pour-les-agriculteurs">le Parlement europ&#233;en a adopt&#233; des mesures suppl&#233;mentaires</a>, qui doivent, avant d&#8217;entrer en vigueur, recevoir l&#8217;aval du Conseil.</p></div><h3><span>D&#233;carboner pour r&#233;duire les d&#233;pendances</span></h3><p><span>Le gouvernement a &#233;galement annonc&#233; un investissement de 2 milliards d&#8217;euros, dont 620 millions de fonds publics, destin&#233;s &#224; la fili&#232;re de production d&#8217;engrais: &#8220;</span><em><span>Nous souhaitons parachever la reconqu&#234;te de notre autonomie strat&#233;gique par l&#8217;augmentation de la production d&#8217;engrais bas-carbone</span></em><span>&#8221;, a d&#233;clar&#233; le ministre d&#233;l&#233;gu&#233; charg&#233; de l&#8217;Industrie S&#233;bastien Martin.</span></p><p><span>&#8220;</span><em><span>Nous devons syst&#233;matiquement interroger toutes nos d&#233;pendances</span></em><span>&#8221;. C&#8217;est avec cette conviction qu&#8217;Annie Genevard est rentr&#233;e d&#8217;un r&#233;cent d&#233;placement en Chine, dont elle juge exemplaire la politique en mati&#232;re d&#8217;autonomie strat&#233;gique. La ministre a soulign&#233; que la souverainet&#233; alimentaire de la France est directement menac&#233;e par les crises g&#233;opolitiques internationales, car l&#8217;absence d&#8217;engrais conduit in&#233;vitablement &#224; une absence de rendements et de r&#233;coltes. Dans cette perspective, la ministre a affirm&#233; que produire constitue &#8220;</span><em><span>un acte de souverainet&#233; nationale au m&#234;me titre que se d&#233;fendre&#8221;</span></em><span>. Elle consid&#232;re que la capacit&#233; d&#8217;un pays &#224; se nourrir et &#224; se d&#233;fendre repr&#233;sente les fondamentaux de son ind&#233;pendance.</span></p><p></p><div><hr></div><p><strong><span>Pour aller plus loin</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><a href="https://www.i4ce.org/macf-engrais-sanctuariser-budgets-aider-agriculteurs-reduire-usage-engrais-mineraux-climat/">MACF et engrais&#8239;: sanctuariser des budgets</a> pour aider les agriculteurs &#224; r&#233;duire leur usage d&#8217;engrais min&#233;raux, Lucille Forgissart, I4CE, 16 janvier 2026</p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Articles/2026/03/13/qui-seme-la-guerre-ne-seme-guere-les-engrais"><span>Qui s&#232;me la guerre ne s&#232;me gu&#232;re les engrais</span></a>, Hayet Afou, DG Tr&#233;sor, 13 mars 2026</p></li></ul>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Africa’s Food Import Reliance Set to Deepen]]></title><description><![CDATA[The halting reopening of the Strait of Hormuz will fail to mitigate systemic risks mounting across the agribusiness supply chain - leaving low-income economies disproportionately exposed.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/africa-food-import-reliance-set-to-deepen</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/africa-food-import-reliance-set-to-deepen</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 03 Jul 2026 14:58:42 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s5t5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c2cd9ea-f7a6-4333-8000-931845100bdd_1376x768.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s5t5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c2cd9ea-f7a6-4333-8000-931845100bdd_1376x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s5t5!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c2cd9ea-f7a6-4333-8000-931845100bdd_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s5t5!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c2cd9ea-f7a6-4333-8000-931845100bdd_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s5t5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c2cd9ea-f7a6-4333-8000-931845100bdd_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s5t5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c2cd9ea-f7a6-4333-8000-931845100bdd_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s5t5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c2cd9ea-f7a6-4333-8000-931845100bdd_1376x768.png" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1c2cd9ea-f7a6-4333-8000-931845100bdd_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d5bb81eb-08c1-4407-ad50-274437f28e68_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2402033,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/204924749?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5bb81eb-08c1-4407-ad50-274437f28e68_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s5t5!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c2cd9ea-f7a6-4333-8000-931845100bdd_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s5t5!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c2cd9ea-f7a6-4333-8000-931845100bdd_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s5t5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c2cd9ea-f7a6-4333-8000-931845100bdd_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s5t5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c2cd9ea-f7a6-4333-8000-931845100bdd_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">The recent normalization comes too late to stop the passthrough of surging input costs to retail food prices.</figcaption></figure></div><p><span>The OECD and FAO&#8217;s latest </span><em><span>Agricultural Outlook 2026-2035</span></em><span>, released on 29 June, points to slowing demand growth and sharply rising production costs for the 2026-27 harvest. The fallout is being felt most acutely in low-income countries, most of them in Africa.</span></p><p><span>Fertilizer prices spiked as soon as the Middle East conflict broke out: nitrogen fertilizers rose between 30 and 50%, while urea prices were up 45% year-on-year by May 2026. Coming just ahead of the planting season, the surge forced farmers to scale back purchases &#8220;</span><em><span>markedly in both low&#8209;income countries (5.1% in 2026 and 3.4% in 2027) and lower middle&#8209;income countries (4.3% and 2.8%)</span></em><span>,&#8221; the OECD notes.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><strong>Further reading </strong>: <a href="https://www.agri-outlook.org/">OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook</a>, June 2026</p></div><p><span>These forced cutbacks will weigh heavily on the next harvest&#8217;s yields. Global grain output is projected to fall 0.9% in the 2026-27 season. &#8220;</span><em><span>The downturn will be sharper in low-income countries, where a 1.7% decline is expected</span></em><span>,&#8221; says Marion Jansen, Director of the OECD&#8217;s Trade and Agriculture Directorate. It bears noting that Africa already ranks among the world&#8217;s lowest fertilizer users: </span><a href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/conjoncture/guerre-au-moyen-orient-la-crise-desengrais-menace-l-afrique-de-14-millions-de-morts-20260519"><span>farmers in Uganda or Madagascar apply as little as 2 to 3 kg of fertilizer per hectare</span></a><span>, against a global average of 135 kg.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gac6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1fd37d-4d9e-4c56-9245-84c023119d80_1344x784.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gac6!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1fd37d-4d9e-4c56-9245-84c023119d80_1344x784.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gac6!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1fd37d-4d9e-4c56-9245-84c023119d80_1344x784.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gac6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1fd37d-4d9e-4c56-9245-84c023119d80_1344x784.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gac6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1fd37d-4d9e-4c56-9245-84c023119d80_1344x784.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gac6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1fd37d-4d9e-4c56-9245-84c023119d80_1344x784.jpeg" width="1344" height="784" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gac6!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1fd37d-4d9e-4c56-9245-84c023119d80_1344x784.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gac6!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1fd37d-4d9e-4c56-9245-84c023119d80_1344x784.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gac6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1fd37d-4d9e-4c56-9245-84c023119d80_1344x784.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gac6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1fd37d-4d9e-4c56-9245-84c023119d80_1344x784.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3><span>Budgetary constraints</span></h3><p><span>Faced with this external shock, governments&#8217; capacity to mount a domestic response is immediately constrained by the state of public finances. In Senegal, with a debt-to-GDP ratio of roughly 132% and a budget deficit above 5% in 2026, President Bassirou Diomaye Faye&#8217;s government has very little fiscal room to manoeuvre. While </span><a href="https://www.senenews.com/actualites/campagne-agricole-2026-letat-mobilise-130-milliards-fcfa-pour-renforcer-la-souverainete-alimentaire_591810.html"><span>the government managed to mobilize a 130 billion FCFA package</span></a><span> (nearly $216 million) on June 30 - over half of which is earmarked for fertilizer procurement - it has also had to announce a partial clearance of a pre-existing 154 billion FCFA debt (over $256 million) owed to input suppliers simply to unlock stalled supply chains.</span></p><p><span>Crisis management is proving equally perilous in Ghana. Classified as a lower-middle-income country, it is only just emerging from its 2022 sovereign default, under a strict IMF-mandated fiscal consolidation programme.</span></p><h3></h3><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h3><span>Populations caught in the squeeze</span></h3><p><span>In economies where agriculture accounts for 15 to 20% of GDP, large segments of the population already live with chronic food insecurity. UN Secretary-General Ant&#243;nio Guterres sounded the alarm in the </span><em><a href="https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/86067cbb-9396-4e7d-8d19-e60ad00d2f73/content"><span>Global Report on Food Crises</span></a></em><a href="https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/86067cbb-9396-4e7d-8d19-e60ad00d2f73/content"><span>, published in April 2026</span></a><span>: &#8220;</span><em><span>The recent escalation of conflict in the Middle East is disrupting trade routes, driving up food and fuel prices, and destabilizing populations, potentially exacerbating hunger,</span></em><span>&#8221; he wrote.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zuf-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c28cde5-5c94-4807-a1d7-45891730b7c5_1302x816.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zuf-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c28cde5-5c94-4807-a1d7-45891730b7c5_1302x816.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zuf-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c28cde5-5c94-4807-a1d7-45891730b7c5_1302x816.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zuf-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c28cde5-5c94-4807-a1d7-45891730b7c5_1302x816.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zuf-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c28cde5-5c94-4807-a1d7-45891730b7c5_1302x816.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zuf-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c28cde5-5c94-4807-a1d7-45891730b7c5_1302x816.png" width="1302" height="816" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zuf-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c28cde5-5c94-4807-a1d7-45891730b7c5_1302x816.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zuf-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c28cde5-5c94-4807-a1d7-45891730b7c5_1302x816.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zuf-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c28cde5-5c94-4807-a1d7-45891730b7c5_1302x816.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zuf-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c28cde5-5c94-4807-a1d7-45891730b7c5_1302x816.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>West and Central Africa face a crisis with multiple, compounding causes. </span><a href="https://www.ifpri.org/blog/the-hunger-crisis-is-set-to-get-worse-in-west-and-central-africa-why-and-what-to-do-about-it/"><span>Data from IFPRI (the International Food Policy Research Institute)</span></a><span> show that the 41.8 million people already in acute food crisis at the end of 2025 are projected to swell to 52.8 million between June and August 2026.</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><strong>Further reading:</strong> &#8220;<a href="https://doi.org/10.4060/cd6008en">The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025&#8221;</a>, FAO, July 2025</p></div><p><span>In Ghana, </span><a href="https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000173579/download/"><span>the World Food Programme&#8217;s latest analysis</span></a><span> puts the number of people facing &#8220;crisis-level&#8221; food insecurity this summer at 1.5 million, or 4% of the population. This aggregate figure masks stark disparities, with vulnerability climbing to 8% among rural women. In Senegal, while the share of the population at risk of acute food insecurity remains contained (around 2 to 3%, according to the FAO), that population has grown 47% year-on-year - a troubling trajectory.</span></p><blockquote><p><span>Compounding this squeeze, regional governments are confronting a </span><a href="https://www.ifpri.org/blog/the-hunger-crisis-is-set-to-get-worse-in-west-and-central-africa-why-and-what-to-do-about-it/"><span>sharp drawdown in multilateral assistance</span></a><span>. Over the past year, the WFP&#8217;s global operational funding plummeted by 40%, dropping from $10 billion to $6.4 billion. This shortfall is a direct consequence of a budgetary retrenchment by the United States, whose contribution was slashed from approximately $7 billion to $3 billion.</span></p></blockquote><h3><strong><span>A slow-burning, delayed-onset crisis</span></strong></h3><p><span>The OECD-FAO report remains fundamentally conservative in its baseline projections, choosing to classify these trends as &#8220;</span><em><span>vulnerabilities</span></em><span>&#8220; rather than an active food crisis. Because its market projections are built on the prior year&#8217;s data, the report does not fully capture immediate climate risks. Yet the El Ni&#241;o episode taking shape for the second half of 2026 could act as a major risk multiplier: according to the FAO, </span><a href="https://www.fao.org/newsroom/detail/el-ni%C3%B1o-is-coming.-here-is-where-the-risks-to-agriculture-are-highest/en"><span>more than 80% of drought-related agricultural shocks</span></a><span> are expected to hit low- and middle-income nations.</span></p><p><span>At minimum, households in the most fragile economies &#8212; where food spending often exceeds 40% of disposable income &#8212; will be forced to downgrade their diets, favouring cereals over animal protein.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qw2t!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2f83c9a-3d34-4feb-8ad6-dd1288906a8c_1243x864.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qw2t!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2f83c9a-3d34-4feb-8ad6-dd1288906a8c_1243x864.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qw2t!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2f83c9a-3d34-4feb-8ad6-dd1288906a8c_1243x864.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qw2t!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2f83c9a-3d34-4feb-8ad6-dd1288906a8c_1243x864.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qw2t!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2f83c9a-3d34-4feb-8ad6-dd1288906a8c_1243x864.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qw2t!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2f83c9a-3d34-4feb-8ad6-dd1288906a8c_1243x864.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qw2t!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2f83c9a-3d34-4feb-8ad6-dd1288906a8c_1243x864.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qw2t!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2f83c9a-3d34-4feb-8ad6-dd1288906a8c_1243x864.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qw2t!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2f83c9a-3d34-4feb-8ad6-dd1288906a8c_1243x864.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>However, the full macro-to-micro transmission has yet to peak. &#8220;</span><em><span>Fertilizer price pressures reach CPI with a six- to 18-month delay. Pass-through from increased transportation costs to food prices is very likely to be faster,</span></em><span>&#8220; S&amp;P Global warned in a note<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>.</span></p><h3><span>A durable, structural dependency</span></h3><p><span>Beyond the immediate cyclical shock, the OECD identifies deep-seated structural bottlenecks: inadequate transport networks, limited storage capacity, and weak trade facilitation systems - &#8220;</span><em><span>all of which increase transaction costs and reduce competitiveness.</span></em><span>&#8220;</span></p><p><span>Driven by the combined effect of robust demographic growth (projected at 25% to 30% over the next decade) alongside rigid domestic production ceilings, food imports are forecasted to surge by 55% in Sub-Saharan Africa and by 34% in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region by 2035. Absent investments and political reforms to build greater self-sufficiency, these regions will remain structurally exposed to the volatility of global commodity markets.</span></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#8220;African Markets Highlights - Global Energy Shock Tests Resilience&#8221;, June 2026</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/p/africa-food-import-reliance-set-to-deepen?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" 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expos&#233;s.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/afrique-vers-une-dependance-accrue-aux-importations-de-denrees-alimentaires</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/afrique-vers-une-dependance-accrue-aux-importations-de-denrees-alimentaires</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 03 Jul 2026 11:28:02 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_gvo!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb02c8dff-58ac-435d-9b44-697325974c31_1376x768.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_gvo!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb02c8dff-58ac-435d-9b44-697325974c31_1376x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_gvo!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb02c8dff-58ac-435d-9b44-697325974c31_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_gvo!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb02c8dff-58ac-435d-9b44-697325974c31_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_gvo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb02c8dff-58ac-435d-9b44-697325974c31_1376x768.png 1272w, 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Le retour r&#233;cent &#224; la normale est trop tardif pour &#233;viter la diffusion de la hausse des prix des intrants sur les denr&#233;es alimentaires.</figcaption></figure></div><p></p><p><span>Dans la derni&#232;re &#233;dition des Perspectives Agricoles 2026-2035, pr&#233;sent&#233;e le 29 juin, l&#8217;OCDE (Organisation de Coop&#233;ration et de D&#233;veloppement &#201;conomiques) et la FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) dressent le constat, pour la r&#233;colte 2026-2027, d&#8217;un ralentissement de la croissance de la demande, et de la hausse des co&#251;ts de production. Les cons&#233;quences de ce resserrement se font davantage ressentir dans les pays &#224; faible revenu, situ&#233;s pour l&#8217;essentiel sur le continent africain.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N1OO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c53b5e0-2bb3-4886-b762-a76340b45ae1_1344x784.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N1OO!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c53b5e0-2bb3-4886-b762-a76340b45ae1_1344x784.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N1OO!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c53b5e0-2bb3-4886-b762-a76340b45ae1_1344x784.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N1OO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c53b5e0-2bb3-4886-b762-a76340b45ae1_1344x784.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N1OO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c53b5e0-2bb3-4886-b762-a76340b45ae1_1344x784.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N1OO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c53b5e0-2bb3-4886-b762-a76340b45ae1_1344x784.jpeg" width="1344" height="784" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3c53b5e0-2bb3-4886-b762-a76340b45ae1_1344x784.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:784,&quot;width&quot;:1344,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:228956,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/204593778?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c53b5e0-2bb3-4886-b762-a76340b45ae1_1344x784.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N1OO!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c53b5e0-2bb3-4886-b762-a76340b45ae1_1344x784.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N1OO!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c53b5e0-2bb3-4886-b762-a76340b45ae1_1344x784.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N1OO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c53b5e0-2bb3-4886-b762-a76340b45ae1_1344x784.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N1OO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c53b5e0-2bb3-4886-b762-a76340b45ae1_1344x784.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="pullquote"><p><strong>Pour aller plus loin</strong> : Perspectives Agricoles 2026-2035 de l&#8217;OCDE et de la FAO - <a href="https://www.agri-outlook.org/">https://www.agri-outlook.org/</a></p></div><p><span>Le prix des engrais s&#8217;est envol&#233; d&#232;s le d&#233;but du conflit au Moyen-Orient: entre 30 et 50% pour les engrais azot&#233;s, +45% en glissement annuel pour les cours de l&#8217;ur&#233;e au mois de mai 2026. Cette flamb&#233;e, intervenue avant la p&#233;riode des semis, a contraint les agriculteurs &#224; ajuster leurs approvisionnements, &#8220;</span><em><span>de mani&#232;re marqu&#233;e tant dans les pays &#224; faible revenu (-5,1 % en 2026 et -3,4 % en 2027) que dans les pays &#224; revenu interm&#233;diaire de la tranche inf&#233;rieure (-4,3 % et -2,8 %),</span></em><span>&#8221; rel&#232;ve l&#8217;OCDE.</span></p><p>Ces achats sous contrainte vont impacter les rendements de la prochaine r&#233;colte. Ainsi, la production mondiale de grains devrait baisser de -0,9% au cours de la saison 2026-2027 (voir graphe). &#8220;<em>La d&#233;gradation sera plus prononc&#233;e dans les pays &#224; faible revenu, o&#249; une baisse de 1,7% est anticip&#233;e,</em>&#8221;<em> </em>pr&#233;cise Marion Jansen, directrice de la Direction des &#233;changes et de l&#8217;agriculture &#224; l&#8217;OCDE. Il faut rappeler que <a href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/conjoncture/guerre-au-moyen-orient-la-crise-desengrais-menace-l-afrique-de-14-millions-de-morts-20260519">l&#8217;Afrique fait d&#233;j&#224; partie des plus faibles consommateurs du monde d&#8217;engrais</a>: en Ouganda ou &#224; Madagascar, les agriculteurs n&#8217;utilisent parfois que 2 &#224; 3 kg d&#8217;engrais par hectare, contre une moyenne mondiale de 135 kg.</p><h3><strong><span>Des marges budg&#233;taires limit&#233;es</span></strong></h3><p><span>Face &#224; ce choc exog&#232;ne, la mise en place de mesures de soutien nationales se heurte imm&#233;diatement &#224; l'&#233;tat des finances publiques. Pour certains pays, le S&#233;n&#233;gal en t&#234;te, le gouvernement doit composer avec un ratio dette/PIB d&#8217;environ 132%, et un d&#233;ficit budg&#233;taire sup&#233;rieur &#224; 5% en 2026.</span></p><p><span>Une enveloppe de 130 milliards de FCFA (pr&#232;s de 200 millions d&#8217;euros) a &#233;t&#233; d&#233;bloqu&#233;e le 30 juin; plus de la moiti&#233; sera consacr&#233;e &#224; l&#8217;achat d&#8217;engrais. </span><a href="https://www.senenews.com/actualites/campagne-agricole-2026-letat-mobilise-130-milliards-fcfa-pour-renforcer-la-souverainete-alimentaire_591810.html"><span>Le gouvernement a &#233;galement annonc&#233; l&#8217;apurement partiel d&#8217;une dette</span></a><span> pr&#233;existante de 154 milliards de FCFA (plus de 235 millions d&#8217;euros) envers les fournisseurs d&#8217;engrais et de semences.</span></p><p><span>La gestion de crise au Ghana est elle aussi particuli&#232;rement surveill&#233;e. Class&#233; parmi les pays &#224; revenu interm&#233;diaire de la tranche inf&#233;rieure au sens de l&#8217;OCDE, celui-ci est en passe de se relever du d&#233;faut de paiement de 2022 au prix d&#8217;un programme strict de redressement des finances publiques.</span></p><h3><strong><span>Des populations prises dans un &#8220;effet ciseau&#8221;</span></strong></h3><p><span>Dans ces pays, o&#249; le secteur agricole repr&#233;sente entre 15 et 20% du PIB, une grande partie de la population subit d&#233;j&#224; une situation de pr&#233;carit&#233; alimentaire depuis plusieurs ann&#233;es. Le secr&#233;taire g&#233;n&#233;ral des Nations Unies Ant&#243;nio Guterres a donn&#233; l&#8217;alerte dans le rapport</span><a href="https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/86067cbb-9396-4e7d-8d19-e60ad00d2f73/content"><span> Rapport Global sur les Crises Alimentaires</span></a><span> publi&#233; en avril 2026: &#8220;</span><em><span>L&#8217;escalade r&#233;cente des conflits au Moyen-Orient perturbe les routes commerciales, fait grimper les prix des denr&#233;es alimentaires et des carburants, et d&#233;stabilise les populations, ce qui risque d&#8217;exacerber la faim.</span></em><span>&#8221;</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yy_w!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0fde0ea-9272-4291-b661-4a5f137dfc1a_1302x816.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yy_w!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0fde0ea-9272-4291-b661-4a5f137dfc1a_1302x816.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yy_w!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0fde0ea-9272-4291-b661-4a5f137dfc1a_1302x816.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yy_w!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0fde0ea-9272-4291-b661-4a5f137dfc1a_1302x816.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yy_w!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0fde0ea-9272-4291-b661-4a5f137dfc1a_1302x816.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yy_w!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0fde0ea-9272-4291-b661-4a5f137dfc1a_1302x816.png" width="1302" height="816" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b0fde0ea-9272-4291-b661-4a5f137dfc1a_1302x816.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:816,&quot;width&quot;:1302,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1032778,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/204593778?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0fde0ea-9272-4291-b661-4a5f137dfc1a_1302x816.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yy_w!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0fde0ea-9272-4291-b661-4a5f137dfc1a_1302x816.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yy_w!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0fde0ea-9272-4291-b661-4a5f137dfc1a_1302x816.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yy_w!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0fde0ea-9272-4291-b661-4a5f137dfc1a_1302x816.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Yy_w!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0fde0ea-9272-4291-b661-4a5f137dfc1a_1302x816.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>Les estimations de fin d&#233;cembre 2025 sugg&#233;raient que 41,8 millions de personnes &#233;taient d&#233;j&#224; en situation de crise ou pire entre octobre et d&#233;cembre 2025. </span><a href="https://www.ifpri.org/blog/the-hunger-crisis-is-set-to-get-worse-in-west-and-central-africa-why-and-what-to-do-about-it/"><span>Ce chiffre pourrait atteindre 52,8 millions entre juin et ao&#251;t 2026</span></a><span>, selon l&#8217;IFPRI (</span>Institut international de recherche sur les politiques alimentaires<span>).</span></p><div class="pullquote"><p><strong><span>Pour aller plus loin:</span></strong><span> &#8220;</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.4060/cd6008en"><span>The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025&#8221;</span></a><span>, FAO, juillet 2025</span></p></div><p><span>Au Ghana, la </span><a href="https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000173579/download/"><span>derni&#232;re analyse du Programme Alimentaire Mondial</span></a><span> (PAM) estime &#224; 1,5 million (soit 4% de la population) le nombre de personnes qui feront face &#224; une ins&#233;curit&#233; de niveau &#8220;crise&#8221; entre juin et ao&#251;t 2026. Ce chiffre masque de profondes disparit&#233;s: 8% des femmes en milieu rural seront touch&#233;es.</span></p><p><span>Si la part de la population s&#233;n&#233;galaise en risque d&#8217;ins&#233;curit&#233; alimentaire se maintient &#224; un niveau globalement contenu (autour de 2 &#224; 3 % selon la FAO), les estimations les plus r&#233;centes r&#233;v&#232;lent une dynamique pr&#233;occupante: cette population a augment&#233; de 47 % sur un an.</span></p><blockquote><p><em><span>Les &#201;tats du continent font &#233;galement face &#224; un ass&#232;chement de l&#8217;aide internationale. En l&#8217;espace de douze mois, </span><a href="https://www.ifpri.org/blog/the-hunger-crisis-is-set-to-get-worse-in-west-and-central-africa-why-and-what-to-do-about-it/"><span>les financements du PAM ont fondu de 40 %, passant de 10 &#224; 6,4 milliards de dollars</span></a><span>. Ce coup de frein est la cons&#233;quence directe du d&#233;sengagement des Etats-Unis, dont la contribution est tomb&#233;e de 7 &#224; 3 milliards de dollars.</span></em></p></blockquote><h3>Des vuln&#233;rabilit&#233;s inqui&#233;tantes</h3><p><span>Le rapport OCDE-FAO reste conservateur dans ses conclusions, pr&#233;f&#233;rant parler de vuln&#233;rabilit&#233;s plut&#244;t que de crise alimentaire.</span></p><p><span>Les dynamiques de march&#233; &#233;tant mod&#233;lis&#233;es sur la base des donn&#233;es 2025, elles n&#8217;int&#232;grent pas les al&#233;as climatiques extr&#234;mes. Or, l&#8217;&#233;pisode El Ni&#241;o qui se dessine pour 2026 agit comme un catalyseur de risque majeur : selon la FAO, </span><a href="https://www.fao.org/newsroom/detail/el-ni%C3%B1o-is-coming.-here-is-where-the-risks-to-agriculture-are-highest/en"><span>plus de 80 % des impacts de la s&#233;cheresse sur l&#8217;agriculture </span></a><span>devraient frapper les pays &#224; revenu faible et interm&#233;diaire.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4lw7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c7f2bb-9995-42ad-b614-b096975df11b_1243x864.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4lw7!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c7f2bb-9995-42ad-b614-b096975df11b_1243x864.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4lw7!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c7f2bb-9995-42ad-b614-b096975df11b_1243x864.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4lw7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c7f2bb-9995-42ad-b614-b096975df11b_1243x864.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4lw7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c7f2bb-9995-42ad-b614-b096975df11b_1243x864.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4lw7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c7f2bb-9995-42ad-b614-b096975df11b_1243x864.png" width="1243" height="864" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d4c7f2bb-9995-42ad-b614-b096975df11b_1243x864.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:864,&quot;width&quot;:1243,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:982369,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/204593778?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c7f2bb-9995-42ad-b614-b096975df11b_1243x864.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4lw7!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c7f2bb-9995-42ad-b614-b096975df11b_1243x864.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4lw7!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c7f2bb-9995-42ad-b614-b096975df11b_1243x864.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4lw7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c7f2bb-9995-42ad-b614-b096975df11b_1243x864.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4lw7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd4c7f2bb-9995-42ad-b614-b096975df11b_1243x864.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>A minima, les m&#233;nages des &#233;conomies les plus fragiles, o&#249; les d&#233;penses alimentaires exc&#232;dent souvent 40% du revenu disponible, vont &#234;tre contraints de d&#233;grader leur r&#233;gime, privil&#233;giant les c&#233;r&#233;ales au d&#233;triment des prot&#233;ines animales. Mais pour eux, le pire pourrait &#234;tre &#224; venir &#224; partir du second semestre 2026. &#8220;</span><em><span>La r&#233;percussion int&#233;grale des variations de prix le long de la cha&#238;ne &#233;nergie-engrais-c&#233;r&#233;ales prendra entre 6 et 18 mois, ce qui implique que les pressions inflationnistes sur l&#8217;indice des prix &#224; la consommation (IPC) ne se sont pas encore pleinement mat&#233;rialis&#233;es</span></em><span>&#8221;, indique S&amp;P Global<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>.</span></p><h3>Une d&#233;pendance durable</h3><p><span>L&#8217;OCDE d&#233;crit en outre des freins structurels profonds: inad&#233;quation des r&#233;seaux de transport, une capacit&#233; de stockage limit&#233;e et faiblesse des syst&#232;mes de facilitation des &#233;changes, </span><em><span>&#8220;autant de facteurs qui augmentent les co&#251;ts de transaction et r&#233;duisent la comp&#233;titivit&#233;</span></em><span>.&#8221; Sous l&#8217;effet conjugu&#233; d&#8217;une forte croissance d&#233;mographique (entre 25 et 30% sur 10 ans) et d&#8217;une augmentation limit&#233;e de la capacit&#233; de production domestique, les importations sont appel&#233;es &#224; cro&#238;tre de 55% d&#8217;ici 2035 en Afrique subsaharienne, et de 34% dans la r&#233;gion Proche-Orient et Afrique du Nord. Cette d&#233;pendance persistante laisse ces r&#233;gions expos&#233;es aux futurs &#233;pisodes de volatilit&#233; des march&#233;s alimentaires mondiaux.</span></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#8220;African Markets Highlights - Global Energy Shock Tests Resilience&#8221;, 1er juin 2026</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/p/afrique-vers-une-dependance-accrue-aux-importations-de-denrees-alimentaires?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/p/afrique-vers-une-dependance-accrue-aux-importations-de-denrees-alimentaires?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/p/afrique-vers-une-dependance-accrue-aux-importations-de-denrees-alimentaires/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/p/afrique-vers-une-dependance-accrue-aux-importations-de-denrees-alimentaires/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The US Coal Mirage: An Industrial Twilight]]></title><description><![CDATA[Despite dubious if not desperate efforts to resuscitate the sector, the decline of coal in the United States appears inexorable.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/the-us-coal-mirage-an-industrial</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/the-us-coal-mirage-an-industrial</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 16 Jun 2026 17:27:25 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!npMJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83180c10-ec7e-434d-92c0-d87cf620f030_1408x768.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!npMJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83180c10-ec7e-434d-92c0-d87cf620f030_1408x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!npMJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83180c10-ec7e-434d-92c0-d87cf620f030_1408x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!npMJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83180c10-ec7e-434d-92c0-d87cf620f030_1408x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!npMJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83180c10-ec7e-434d-92c0-d87cf620f030_1408x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!npMJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83180c10-ec7e-434d-92c0-d87cf620f030_1408x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!npMJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83180c10-ec7e-434d-92c0-d87cf620f030_1408x768.png" width="1408" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/83180c10-ec7e-434d-92c0-d87cf620f030_1408x768.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8a3a97ad-a132-4caf-a0cf-ffae44fb8586_1408x768.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1408,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2330654,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/202313767?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a3a97ad-a132-4caf-a0cf-ffae44fb8586_1408x768.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!npMJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83180c10-ec7e-434d-92c0-d87cf620f030_1408x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!npMJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83180c10-ec7e-434d-92c0-d87cf620f030_1408x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!npMJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83180c10-ec7e-434d-92c0-d87cf620f030_1408x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!npMJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83180c10-ec7e-434d-92c0-d87cf620f030_1408x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">The unwavering support for coal is strongly driven by a nostalgic vision of the Gilded Age.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Coal once served as the bedrock of the success of the industrial magnates of the Gilded Age, as depicted by Mark Twain and brought to life in the namesake HBO series.</p><p>Yet, the 21st-century <a href="https://www.esgtoday.com/google-exec-confirms-2030-carbon-free-energy-commitment-remains-in-place-despite-ai-buildout/">Rockfellers and Vanderbilts prioritize decarbonized energy sources</a>. Consequently, since its 2007 peak, coal&#8217;s share of the US electricity mix has been in steady decline.</p><p>In May 2026, solar energy surpassed coal in the national power mix for the first time on record. &#8220;<em>Coal generation hit an all-time monthly low of 39.3 TWh in April 2026. Although coal output rose slightly to 43.4 TWh in May, it remained 11% below May 2025 levels,</em>&#8221; <a href="https://ember-energy.org/latest-updates/solar-overtakes-coal-in-us-electricity-for-the-first-month-on-record/">Ember wrote in a report</a> published on June 10, 2026.</p><p>Despite the underlying assumption of a 3% increase in total electricity demand due to above-average temperatures, the Energy Information Administration (EIA) anticipates that solar production will grow by 19% and wind by 10% for the summer of 2026. Conversely, coal generation is expected to decrease by 2%. This trend is poised to accelerate through the remainder of the year; annual coal consumption is projected to fall 8% to 386 million metric tons, as power operators continue to decommission generating units, <a href="https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2026-05/26_Summer%20Assessment_0521.pdf">according to the FERC</a> (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission).</p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e1c35c9f-9336-4054-a1c0-909d2aac0a80_1972x1362.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4c5a74f1-33a2-443f-b5b0-333aebdcacb4_1722x1030.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5f618679-01bb-4af1-b83b-858196966a41_1300x868.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/873417d7-eff1-4052-8b09-dc867052c0e6_2476x1580.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Coal consumption is projected to fall 8% to 386 million metric tons in 2026&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a837e4d6-4410-49c8-86e2-fe83fe8d2b16_1456x1456.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p></p><h3><strong>Regulatory Life Support</strong></h3><p>The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) <a href="https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/greenhouse-gas-standards-and-guidelines-fossil-fuel-fired-power">has repealed or eased numerous regulations</a>, most notably the requirements mandating carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies for plants to remain operational beyond 2032. Consequently, the EPA is effectively reducing operating costs for the fleet and delaying the theoretical retirement date of aging plants.</p><p>The administration is also actively intervening on the demand side. A <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2026/02/strengthening-united-states-national-defense-with-americas-beautiful-clean-coal-power-generation-fleet/">presidential executive order signed on February 11, 2026</a>, directs the Pentagon to enter into long-term power purchase agreements with coal-fired plants to supply &#8220;<em>critical</em>&#8220; defense installations.</p><p>Furthermore, to prevent planned shutdowns, the Department of Energy (DOE) has invoked Section 202(c) of the Federal Power Act (FPA) since April 2025 to compel the continued operation of aging coal-fired power plants. Originally intended for sudden energy emergencies, this provision is now being used to block the retirement of plants deemed critical to grid reliability. This policy has persisted through 2026, <a href="https://ieefa.org/resources/cost-coal-plant-emergency-orders-already-more-300-million">despite mounting controversy</a> and growing litigation. Multiple states, arguing that the DOE is overreaching its mandate, have filed challenges in federal court. Judicial decisions expected by the end of 2026 could establish a decisive legal precedent regarding this policy.</p><h3><strong>Federal Subsidies and Industrial Reality</strong></h3><p>Federal support for the sector includes substantial investment programs. A $625 million initiative launched in September 2025 was bolstered by an additional $750 million on June 4, 2026, aimed at extending the lifespan of roughly twenty plants, developing port infrastructure, and financing the construction of two new coal-fired power plants.</p><p>These <a href="https://www.capito.senate.gov/news/in-the-news/trump-administration-to-invest-millions-in-west-virginia-coal-fired-power">measures have been broadly welcomed by Republican-led states</a>, which remain at the heart of coal production. &#8220;<em>I&#8217;m really proud to say that today is a stake in the sand for our miners that get up every day, men and women alike who get their dinner bucket, and go out to work, every single day, and oftentimes, they are simply taken for granted</em>,&#8221; said U.S. Sen. Jim Justice, R-W.Va., in a statement. West Virginia, the nation&#8217;s second-largest coal producer, relies on coal for nearly 90% of its power generation.</p><p>The White House projects that this latest program will create 14,000 jobs nationwide and reduce household electricity bills. However, beyond these projections, the industry&#8217;s data tells quite a different story.</p><h3><strong>Groundless Optimism</strong></h3><p>Despite the assertive policy launched during Donald Trump&#8217;s first term, the workforce has continued to erode, falling from 51,000 to 44,000 direct extraction jobs in less than a decade. Furthermore, maintenance costs are trending upward, reflecting a fleet with a median age of 56 years, with the majority of plants exceeding four decades of operation.</p><p>The Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) for coal is currently two to three times higher than that of utility-scale solar or onshore wind, even when accounting for storage, <a href="https://www.lazard.com/research-insights/levelized-cost-of-energyplus-lcoeplus/">according to Lazard&#8217;s analysis</a>.</p><p>While the United States possesses the world&#8217;s largest proven coal reserves&#8212;estimated at 250 billion metric tons&#8212;the coal industry&#8217;s persistent loss of competitiveness stands as a concrete illustration of the &#8220;stranded assets&#8221; theory.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p><div class="pullquote"><p>Further readings: </p><p>&#8220;<a href="https://www.wsj.com/opinion/why-the-gilded-age-resonates-in-2025-c5c6aa20?reflink=desktopwebshare_permalink">Why &#8216;The Gilded Age&#8217; Resonates in 2025</a>,&#8221; by Peggy Noonan. The Wall Street Journal, August 2025.</p><p>&#8220;<a href="https://www.transitions.news/p/ai-ideology-usa-energy-policy-wind-solar-nuclear-grid?r=4qi2zc">AI vs. Ideology: When Energy Policy Meets Demand Reality</a>,&#8221; by Annick Masounave. Transitions, January 2026.</p></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Les Etats-Unis ou le mirage du charbon]]></title><description><![CDATA[Malgr&#233; des man&#339;uvres de r&#233;animation constantes voire d&#233;sesp&#233;r&#233;es, la fin de r&#232;gne du charbon appara&#238;t in&#233;luctable aux Etats-Unis.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/les-etats-unis-ou-le-mirage-du-charbon</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/les-etats-unis-ou-le-mirage-du-charbon</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 16 Jun 2026 10:55:32 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hTmR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd52d4075-baa3-414f-8625-11d7fca7dae5_1408x768.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hTmR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd52d4075-baa3-414f-8625-11d7fca7dae5_1408x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hTmR!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd52d4075-baa3-414f-8625-11d7fca7dae5_1408x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hTmR!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd52d4075-baa3-414f-8625-11d7fca7dae5_1408x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hTmR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd52d4075-baa3-414f-8625-11d7fca7dae5_1408x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hTmR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd52d4075-baa3-414f-8625-11d7fca7dae5_1408x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hTmR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd52d4075-baa3-414f-8625-11d7fca7dae5_1408x768.png" width="728" height="397.09090909090907" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d52d4075-baa3-414f-8625-11d7fca7dae5_1408x768.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/45e1086c-68e1-4372-974f-1687577ff54a_1408x768.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1408,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:728,&quot;bytes&quot;:2330654,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Le charbon a &#233;t&#233; l'un des symboles de l'&#226;ge d'or (Gilded Age) aux Etats-Unis&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/202261303?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45e1086c-68e1-4372-974f-1687577ff54a_1408x768.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Le charbon a &#233;t&#233; l'un des symboles de l'&#226;ge d'or (Gilded Age) aux Etats-Unis" title="Le charbon a &#233;t&#233; l'un des symboles de l'&#226;ge d'or (Gilded Age) aux Etats-Unis" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hTmR!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd52d4075-baa3-414f-8625-11d7fca7dae5_1408x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hTmR!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd52d4075-baa3-414f-8625-11d7fca7dae5_1408x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hTmR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd52d4075-baa3-414f-8625-11d7fca7dae5_1408x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hTmR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd52d4075-baa3-414f-8625-11d7fca7dae5_1408x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Le charbon fut l&#8217;un des socles de la r&#233;ussite des industriels du Gilded Age d&#233;peints par Mark Twain et repr&#233;sent&#233;s dans la s&#233;rie &#233;ponyme. Mais les Rockfeller et les Vanderbilt du XXIe si&#232;cle <a href="https://www.esgtoday.com/google-exec-confirms-2030-carbon-free-energy-commitment-remains-in-place-despite-ai-buildout/">lui pr&#233;f&#232;rent les sources d&#8217;&#233;nergie d&#233;carbon&#233;es</a>.</p><p>Depuis le pic de 2007, la part du charbon dans la production d&#8217;&#233;lectricit&#233; n&#8217;a cess&#233; de baisser aux Etats-Unis.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading Transitions! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Au mois de mai 2026, l&#8217;&#233;nergie solaire a pour la premi&#232;re fois surpass&#233; le charbon dans le mix &#233;nerg&#233;tique. &#8220;<em>La production d&#8217;&#233;lectricit&#233; &#224; base de charbon a atteint un plus bas historique mensuel de 39,3 TWh en avril 2026. Bien que la production ait l&#233;g&#232;rement augment&#233; pour atteindre 43,4 TWh en mai, elle est rest&#233;e 11 % en dessous des niveaux de mai 2025</em>&#8221;, selon <a href="https://ember-energy.org/latest-updates/solar-overtakes-coal-in-us-electricity-for-the-first-month-on-record/">une &#233;tude publi&#233;e par Ember</a> le 10 juin 2026.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sh4Q!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3140afa8-951a-4466-9dd2-b58f6722b0ad_2002x1386.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sh4Q!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3140afa8-951a-4466-9dd2-b58f6722b0ad_2002x1386.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sh4Q!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3140afa8-951a-4466-9dd2-b58f6722b0ad_2002x1386.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sh4Q!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3140afa8-951a-4466-9dd2-b58f6722b0ad_2002x1386.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sh4Q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3140afa8-951a-4466-9dd2-b58f6722b0ad_2002x1386.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sh4Q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3140afa8-951a-4466-9dd2-b58f6722b0ad_2002x1386.png" width="1456" height="1008" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3140afa8-951a-4466-9dd2-b58f6722b0ad_2002x1386.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1008,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sh4Q!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3140afa8-951a-4466-9dd2-b58f6722b0ad_2002x1386.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sh4Q!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3140afa8-951a-4466-9dd2-b58f6722b0ad_2002x1386.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sh4Q!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3140afa8-951a-4466-9dd2-b58f6722b0ad_2002x1386.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sh4Q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3140afa8-951a-4466-9dd2-b58f6722b0ad_2002x1386.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Malgr&#233; l&#8217;hypoth&#232;se d&#8217;une hausse de 3% de la production d&#8217;&#233;lectricit&#233; en raison de temp&#233;ratures sup&#233;rieures &#224; la moyenne, l&#8217;EIA anticipe pour l&#8217;&#233;t&#233; 2026 &#8220;<em>une progression de 19 % pour l&#8217;&#233;nergie solaire et de 10 % pour l&#8217;&#233;nergie &#233;olienne. La production &#224; partir du charbon devrait diminuer de 2 %&#8221;</em>, tandis que les centrales &#224; gaz g&#233;n&#233;reraient la m&#234;me quantit&#233; d&#8217;&#233;lectricit&#233; qu&#8217;en 2025, peut-on lire dans le &#8220;Short Term Energy Outlook&#8221; publi&#233; le 9 juin.</p><h3>Une consommation en baisse</h3><p>La tendance devrait m&#234;me acc&#233;l&#233;rer sur le reste de l&#8217;ann&#233;e, <a href="https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/steo/">avec une consommation en baisse de 8%</a>, &#224; 386 millions de tonnes m&#233;triques, tandis que les <a href="https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2026-05/26_Summer%20Assessment_0521.pdf">op&#233;rateurs continuent de planifier la mise &#224; l&#8217;arr&#234;t</a> des unit&#233;s de production, selon la FERC (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission).</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe9i!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30028c4-40df-4a7b-a35b-0aa6e43ff70e_1794x1040.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe9i!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30028c4-40df-4a7b-a35b-0aa6e43ff70e_1794x1040.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe9i!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30028c4-40df-4a7b-a35b-0aa6e43ff70e_1794x1040.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe9i!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30028c4-40df-4a7b-a35b-0aa6e43ff70e_1794x1040.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe9i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30028c4-40df-4a7b-a35b-0aa6e43ff70e_1794x1040.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe9i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30028c4-40df-4a7b-a35b-0aa6e43ff70e_1794x1040.png" width="1456" height="844" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c30028c4-40df-4a7b-a35b-0aa6e43ff70e_1794x1040.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:844,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe9i!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30028c4-40df-4a7b-a35b-0aa6e43ff70e_1794x1040.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe9i!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30028c4-40df-4a7b-a35b-0aa6e43ff70e_1794x1040.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe9i!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30028c4-40df-4a7b-a35b-0aa6e43ff70e_1794x1040.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Oe9i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30028c4-40df-4a7b-a35b-0aa6e43ff70e_1794x1040.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>L&#8217;EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) <a href="https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/greenhouse-gas-standards-and-guidelines-fossil-fuel-fired-power">a pourtant abrog&#233; ou assoupli bon nombre de r&#233;glementations</a>, notamment les exigences qui obligeaient les op&#233;rateurs de centrales &#224; charbon &#224; installer des technologies de captage et de stockage du carbone (CCS) sous peine de fermeture d&#8217;ici 2032. Ainsi l&#8217;EPA vient m&#233;caniquement r&#233;duire le co&#251;t d&#8217;exploitation du parc et repousser la date de retrait th&#233;orique des centrales.</p><p>L&#8217;administration assure &#233;galement le service avant-vente. <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2026/02/strengthening-united-states-national-defense-with-americas-beautiful-clean-coal-power-generation-fleet/">Un d&#233;cret pr&#233;sidentiel sign&#233; le 11 f&#233;vrier 2026</a> ordonne au Pentagone de conclure des contrats d&#8217;achat d&#8217;&#233;lectricit&#233; &#224; long terme avec des centrales &#233;lectriques au charbon pour alimenter les installations militaires et les sites de d&#233;fense jug&#233;s &#8220;<em>critiques</em>&#8220;.</p><p>Afin de contrer leur mise &#224; l&#8217;arr&#234;t programm&#233;e, le d&#233;partement de l&#8217;&#201;nergie (DOE) impose depuis avril 2025 le maintien en activit&#233; de centrales vieillissantes en invoquant la section 202(c) du <em>Federal Power Act</em> (FPA). Con&#231;ue initialement pour r&#233;pondre &#224; des urgences &#233;nerg&#233;tiques soudaines, cette disposition est aujourd&#8217;hui utilis&#233;e par l&#8217;administration pour interdire le d&#233;mant&#232;lement de centrales jug&#233;es critiques pour la fiabilit&#233; du r&#233;seau. Cette politique a &#233;t&#233; maintenue en 2026, malgr&#233; les controverses qu&#8217;elle suscite, et une contestation judiciaire croissante. Plusieurs &#201;tats, estimant que le minist&#232;re outrepasse ses pr&#233;rogatives, ont port&#233; l&#8217;affaire devant la justice f&#233;d&#233;rale. Les d&#233;cisions de justice attendues d&#8217;ici la fin de l&#8217;ann&#233;e 2026 pourraient marquer un coup d&#8217;arr&#234;t &#224; cette politique.</p><h3>Le budget f&#233;d&#233;ral au chevet de la fili&#232;re</h3><p>Le soutien &#224; la fili&#232;re s&#8217;accompagne de programmes d&#8217;investissement et de subvention. A un premier programme de 625 millions de dollars en septembre 2025, est venu s&#8217;ajouter le 4 juin un second lot, dot&#233; de 750 millions de dollars. Ces fonds sont destin&#233;s &#224; financer l&#8217;extension de la dur&#233;e d&#8217;exploitation d&#8217;une vingtaine de centrales, la construction d&#8217;un terminal portuaire, et la construction de deux nouvelles centrales (localisation).</p><p>Ces mesures sont dans l&#8217;ensemble <a href="https://www.capito.senate.gov/news/in-the-news/trump-administration-to-invest-millions-in-west-virginia-coal-fired-power">favorablement accueillies par les Etats &#224; majorit&#233; r&#233;publicaine</a>, qui sont &#233;galement au coeur des zones d&#8217;exploitation du charbon.</p><p>&#8220;<em>Je suis tr&#232;s fier de dire qu&#8217;aujourd&#8217;hui est un tournant d&#233;cisif pour nos mineurs, ces hommes et ces femmes qui se l&#232;vent chaque jour, qui prennent leur panier-repas et partent travailler, chaque jour, et qui sont trop souvent ignor&#233;s</em>&#8220;, a d&#233;clar&#233; Jim Justice, le s&#233;nateur r&#233;publicain de Virginie Occidentale. Cet Etat est le second producteur de charbon derri&#232;re le Wyoming, et la production d&#8217;&#233;lectricit&#233; y repose &#224; pr&#232;s de 90% sur le charbon.</p><p>Selon la Maison Blanche, le programme annonc&#233; en juin devrait permettre la cr&#233;ation de 14 000 emplois au niveau national, et des &#233;conomies sur les factures d&#8217;&#233;lectricit&#233; des m&#233;nages. Pourtant, au-del&#224; de ces promesses, les chiffres de l&#8217;industrie racontent une tout autre histoire.</p><h3><strong>Un optimisme hors-sol</strong></h3><p>Malgr&#233; la politique volontariste engag&#233;e par Donald Trump lors de son premier mandat, la main-d&#8217;&#339;uvre n&#8217;a cess&#233; de s&#8217;&#233;roder, passant en moins de 10 ann&#233;es de 51 000 &#224; 44 000 emplois directs dans l&#8217;industrie extractive. Quant au co&#251;t de maintenance des centrales, il va crescendo, avec un parc dont l&#8217;&#226;ge m&#233;dian est de 56 ans. La majorit&#233; des centrales &#224; charbon a plus de 40 ans.</p><p>Le LCOE (Levelized Cost of Energy)<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> du charbon est aujourd&#8217;hui 2 &#224; 3 fois sup&#233;rieur &#224; celui du solaire photovolta&#239;que ou de l&#8217;&#233;olien terrestre, m&#234;me avec stockage, <a href="https://www.lazard.com/research-insights/levelized-cost-of-energyplus-lcoeplus/">selon les sc&#233;narios &#233;labor&#233;s par Lazard</a>.</p><p>Si les &#201;tats-Unis disposent des premi&#232;res r&#233;serves mondiales prouv&#233;es de charbon, estim&#233;es &#224; 250 milliards de tonnes, garantissant th&#233;oriquement des si&#232;cles de production et l&#8217;autonomie strat&#233;gique &#224; laquelle l&#8217;administration Trump aspire, la perte de comp&#233;titivit&#233; constante et irr&#233;m&#233;diable du charbon lui garantit de rester dans la  classe des actifs &#233;chou&#233;s.</p><p><strong>A lire &#233;galement : </strong></p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;5b23bec9-30f9-4cb9-9f37-15c4b69cca52&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Le slogan &#8220;Make Coal Great Again&#8221; a r&#233;sonn&#233; pendant le premier mandat de Donald Trump. &#8220;Trump 2&#8221;, sans renoncer au charbon, veut acc&#233;l&#233;rer le d&#233;veloppement du gaz et du nucl&#233;aire, au d&#233;triment d&#8217;&#233;nergies renouvelables jug&#233;es peu efficaces.&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;lg&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;IA vs Id&#233;ologie : Le grand bras de fer de l&#8217;&#233;nergie am&#233;ricaine&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:286378392,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Annick Masounave&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot; &#127467;&#127479; Journaliste ind&#233;pendante. R&#233;gulations, &#233;conomie, politiques, finance, soci&#233;t&#233;. J&#8217;&#233;cris pour relier, creuser, questionner. &#127468;&#127463; Independent journalist. Regulation, economics, politics, finance, society. Writing to connect, question, explore.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/623a2ea4-93e2-4cad-abbd-c337973d2a36_1500x500.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-01-15T10:58:16.047Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2nuN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd96d575-5d50-4140-8b62-6170df6267d0_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/p/ia-vs-ideologie-energie-usa&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;Fran&#231;ais&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:184566866,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:4,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:3345861,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;Transitions&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Au9I!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1247c115-205f-4c6d-9a44-60aa8947fd83_1280x1280.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div class="pullquote"><p><strong>Pour aller plus loin :</strong> &#8220;The Gilded Age, l&#8217;obsession de Trump&#8221; <a href="https://www.revueconflits.com/the-gilded-age-lobsession-de-donald-trump-2/">https://www.revueconflits.com/the-gilded-age-lobsession-de-donald-trump-2/</a></p></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><em>Co&#251;t actualis&#233; de l&#8217;&#233;nergie, qui permet de comparer la comp&#233;titivit&#233; de diff&#233;rentes technologies de production d&#8217;&#233;lectricit&#233;. Il repr&#233;sente le co&#251;t complet par unit&#233; d&#8217;&#233;nergie produite sur toute la dur&#233;e de vie d&#8217;une installation.</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/p/les-etats-unis-ou-le-mirage-du-charbon?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/p/les-etats-unis-ou-le-mirage-du-charbon?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Op-Ed - Geopolitics can no longer be reduced to rivalry]]></title><description><![CDATA[By Dr. Charles Salvaudon, former diplomat, professor, and geopolitical expert*]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/op-ed-geopolitics-can-no-longer-be</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/op-ed-geopolitics-can-no-longer-be</guid><pubDate>Thu, 26 Mar 2026 10:00:29 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jorj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e02e6ad-c4bf-4694-ae31-0823e276f342_1376x768.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jorj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e02e6ad-c4bf-4694-ae31-0823e276f342_1376x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><blockquote><p>With <em><strong>Forum</strong></em>, Transitions<em> opens a space for external voices to shed light on the major structural shifts of the contemporary world. I have chosen to launch this new section with an op-ed by Dr. Charles Salvaudon, who questions the limits of a strictly conflictual reading of international relations and invites us to rethink interdependencies, systemic vulnerabilities, and the renewed forms of power in the 21st century.</em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><p>Thinking about the world solely through the lens of competition between powers has become an analytical mistake. In an era of global interdependence and systemic crises, it is urgent to rethink geopolitics. Geopolitics has once again become a dominant framework for understanding the world. The war in Ukraine, tensions in the Middle East, and the U.S.-China rivalry all seem to confirm the return of a world structured by power confrontation. Yet this apparent clarity is misleading. It rests on an intellectual framework inherited from the twentieth century, built on a simple assumption: that the world is a space of rivalry between states, each seeking to maximize its power at the expense of others. This model continues to shape much of today&#8217;s analysis, political discourse, and strategic decision-making. But it no longer reflects the reality of the twenty-first century.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>A framework that has become blind</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">The contemporary world is not only conflictual&#8212;it is profoundly interdependent. And this interdependence changes everything. Climate change, supply chains, digital infrastructures, migration flows, and health crises all reveal a system where vulnerabilities are shared, and cascading effects are the norm. No state, however powerful, can escape them. To analyze this world with yesterday&#8217;s tools is to look at a new reality through outdated categories. The issue is not that rivalry has disappeared. It is very much present&#8212;visible, brutal, sometimes military. But it is no longer the sole structuring logic. It coexists with forms of interdependence that make any purely conflict-based reading insufficient&#8212;and at times dangerous.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Interdependence under tension</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">The twenty-first century is not the end of conflict. It is the age of interdependence under tension. States oppose one another while remaining deeply interconnected. They compete while depending on each other. They seek protection while remaining exposed to global dynamics they cannot control. This creates a central contradiction: the power logics inherited from the past are colliding with the systemic realities of the present. And it is precisely here that classical geopolitics reaches its limits.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>A geopolitics that runs through societies</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">The most profound transformation lies elsewhere: geopolitics is no longer confined to relations between states. It now runs through societies. Energy markets, digital platforms, global value chains, and financial networks have become arenas of power as decisive as borders. Technology companies shape power relations. Cities and regions develop international strategies. NGOs and transnational movements influence political agendas. In other words, geopolitics has become transversal. It flows through individuals, companies, infrastructures, and collective imaginaries. It is embedded in everyday life: energy prices, access to technology, the effects of climate change, and the circulation of information are all concrete expressions of geopolitical tensions. Geopolitics is no longer a distant theater. It has become a lived experience.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Power reconsidered</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">In this context, power itself is changing in nature. It can no longer be measured solely in military divisions or GDP figures. It also depends on control over technologies, networks, innovation capacity, normative influence, and the ability to structure flows. Non-state actors&#8212;multinational corporations, financial institutions, local governments, civil society&#8212;are no longer peripheral. They are directly involved in the production of power. Yet despite these transformations, much analysis remains trapped in a binary vision of the world: rivalry or domination. This simplification prevents us from understanding the real stakes.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The limits of the conflict paradigm</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">The major challenges of the twenty-first century are not zero-sum. Climate change, food security, energy transition, ocean governance, and digital regulation cannot be resolved through confrontation alone. They require forms of coordination, sometimes minimal, but essential. A geopolitics reduced to rivalry leads to a dead end: it fuels tensions without offering solutions. Worse, it risks aggravating the very crises it seeks to analyze.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Toward a humanist geopolitics</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">It is time to change paradigms. Not by denying power relations, but by placing them within a broader framework. In an interdependent world, power is no longer limited to the capacity for domination. It also includes the ability to manage complexity, stabilize fragile systems, and enable sustainable coexistence. This is the meaning of a humanist geopolitics&#8212;one that places societies at its core. One that considers social transformations, economic behaviours, technological environments, and collective imaginaries. One that analyzes not only states, but also the individuals and structures that connect them. This shift is decisive. It implies moving from a logic of domination to one of responsibility, from control to coordination, from rivalry to coexistence.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Rethinking the purpose of geopolitics</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">The issue is not only analytical. It is political. If geopolitics remains a mere reading of conflicts, it becomes incapable of addressing the conditions for stability in the contemporary world. It describes tensions but does not allow us to move beyond them. By contrast, a renewed geopolitics can once again become a tool for understanding and action&#8212;provided it integrates what now defines the world: interdependence, complexity, and the necessity of organized coexistence.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>A choice for the twenty-first century</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">The twenty-first century will not be determined solely by competition between powers. It will be shaped by the ability of societies to organize their interdependence without descending into chaos. This is where the real stakes lie. To continue thinking of the world as a simple confrontation of powers is to refuse to see what is already unfolding. It is to remain trapped in an outdated framework and to risk making inadequate decisions. Rethinking geopolitics is therefore not an intellectual luxury. It is an urgency.</p><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>*About the Author &#8211; Charles Salvaudon holds a PhD in Political Science and is a geopolitical expert at ESSEC&#8217;s European Center for Law and Economics, directed by Viviane de Beaufort. He is also a professor at Albert School&#8211;Mines Paris, where he teaches and coordinates a team of ten geopolitics professors across the school's  European campuses. A contributor to the Jacques Delors Institute, he has authored several books, including G&#233;opolitique, cette force qui bouleverse tout (Baudelaire), G&#233;opolitique pour l&#8217;Entreprise (L&#8217;Harmattan), and The New Geopolitics of Sustainability (Springer).</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Tribune - La géopolitique ne peut plus se réduire à la rivalité]]></title><description><![CDATA[Par le Dr Charles Salvaudon, ancien diplomate, professeur et expert en g&#233;opolitique*]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/tribune-la-geopolitique-ne-peut-plus</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/tribune-la-geopolitique-ne-peut-plus</guid><pubDate>Thu, 26 Mar 2026 08:59:03 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hJVn!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83c12deb-e03a-4d94-9520-cbbd7840c1f8_1376x768.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hJVn!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83c12deb-e03a-4d94-9520-cbbd7840c1f8_1376x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hJVn!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83c12deb-e03a-4d94-9520-cbbd7840c1f8_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hJVn!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83c12deb-e03a-4d94-9520-cbbd7840c1f8_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hJVn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83c12deb-e03a-4d94-9520-cbbd7840c1f8_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hJVn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83c12deb-e03a-4d94-9520-cbbd7840c1f8_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hJVn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83c12deb-e03a-4d94-9520-cbbd7840c1f8_1376x768.png" width="1376" height="768" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><blockquote><p><em>Avec <strong>Forum</strong>, </em>Transitions<em> ouvre un espace &#224; des voix ext&#233;rieures pour &#233;clairer les grandes recompositions du monde contemporain. J&#8217;ai choisi d&#8217;inaugurer cette nouvelle rubrique avec une tribune du Dr Charles Salvaudon, qui interroge les limites d&#8217;une lecture strictement conflictuelle des relations internationales et invite &#224; penser autrement les interd&#233;pendances, les vuln&#233;rabilit&#233;s syst&#233;miques et les formes renouvel&#233;es de la puissance au XXIe si&#232;cle.</em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><p>Penser le monde uniquement &#224; travers la comp&#233;tition entre puissances est devenu une erreur d&#8217;analyse. &#192; l&#8217;heure des interd&#233;pendances globales et des crises syst&#233;miques, il est urgent de refonder la g&#233;opolitique. La g&#233;opolitique est redevenue une grille de lecture dominante. Guerre en Ukraine, tensions au Moyen-Orient, rivalit&#233; sino-am&#233;ricaine : tout semble confirmer le retour d&#8217;un monde structur&#233; par l&#8217;affrontement des puissances. Mais cette &#233;vidence est trompeuse. Elle repose sur un cadre intellectuel h&#233;rit&#233; du XXe si&#232;cle, fond&#233; sur une id&#233;e simple : le monde serait d&#8217;abord un espace de rivalit&#233; entre &#201;tats, o&#249; chacun cherche &#224; maximiser sa puissance au d&#233;triment des autres. Ce mod&#232;le continue d&#8217;organiser une grande partie des analyses, des discours politiques et des d&#233;cisions strat&#233;giques. Or, il ne correspond plus &#224; la r&#233;alit&#233; du XXIe si&#232;cle.</p><h3>Une lecture devenue aveugle</h3><p>Le monde contemporain n&#8217;est pas seulement conflictuel : il est profond&#233;ment interd&#233;pendant. Et cette interd&#233;pendance change tout. Le climat, les cha&#238;nes d&#8217;approvisionnement, les infrastructures num&#233;riques, les flux migratoires ou encore les crises sanitaires dessinent un syst&#232;me o&#249; les vuln&#233;rabilit&#233;s sont partag&#233;es et les effets en cascade. Aucun &#201;tat, aussi puissant soit-il, ne peut s&#8217;en abstraire. Penser ce monde avec les outils d&#8217;hier revient &#224; regarder une r&#233;alit&#233; nouvelle avec des cat&#233;gories p&#233;rim&#233;es. Le probl&#232;me n&#8217;est pas que la rivalit&#233; ait disparu. Elle est bien l&#224;, visible, brutale, parfois militaire. Mais elle n&#8217;est plus la seule logique structurante. Elle coexiste avec des formes d&#8217;interd&#233;pendance qui rendent toute lecture purement conflictuelle insuffisante &#8212; et parfois dangereuse.</p><h3>L&#8217;interd&#233;pendance sous tension</h3><p>Le XXIe si&#232;cle n&#8217;est pas celui de la fin des conflits. C&#8217;est celui de l&#8217;interd&#233;pendance sous tension. Les &#201;tats s&#8217;opposent tout en restant li&#233;s. Ils se concurrencent tout en d&#233;pendant les uns des autres. Ils cherchent &#224; se prot&#233;ger tout en &#233;tant expos&#233;s &#224; des dynamiques globales qu&#8217;ils ne contr&#244;lent pas. Cette situation cr&#233;e une contradiction centrale : les logiques de puissance h&#233;rit&#233;es du pass&#233; entrent en collision avec les r&#233;alit&#233;s syst&#233;miques du pr&#233;sent. Et c&#8217;est pr&#233;cis&#233;ment l&#224; que la g&#233;opolitique classique atteint ses limites.</p><h3>Une g&#233;opolitique qui traverse les soci&#233;t&#233;s</h3><p>La transformation la plus profonde est ailleurs : la g&#233;opolitique ne se joue plus uniquement entre &#201;tats. Elle traverse d&#233;sormais les soci&#233;t&#233;s. Les march&#233;s de l&#8217;&#233;nergie, les plateformes num&#233;riques, les cha&#238;nes de valeur globales ou les r&#233;seaux financiers sont devenus des espaces de puissance aussi d&#233;terminants que les fronti&#232;res. Les entreprises technologiques influencent les rapports de force. Les villes et les r&#233;gions d&#233;veloppent des strat&#233;gies internationales. Les ONG et les mouvements transnationaux p&#232;sent sur les agendas politiques. Autrement dit, la g&#233;opolitique est devenue transversale. Elle circule &#224; travers les individus, les entreprises, les infrastructures et les imaginaires. Elle s&#8217;inscrit dans le quotidien : le prix de l&#8217;&#233;nergie, l&#8217;acc&#232;s aux technologies, les effets du changement climatique ou la circulation de l&#8217;information sont autant d&#8217;expressions concr&#232;tes de tensions g&#233;opolitiques. La g&#233;opolitique n&#8217;est plus un th&#233;&#226;tre lointain. Elle est devenue une exp&#233;rience v&#233;cue.</p><h3>Une puissance &#224; red&#233;finir</h3><p>Dans ce contexte, la puissance elle-m&#234;me change de nature. Elle ne se mesure plus seulement en divisions militaires ou en points de PIB. Elle repose aussi sur la ma&#238;trise des technologies, le contr&#244;le des r&#233;seaux, la capacit&#233; d&#8217;innovation, l&#8217;influence normative et la capacit&#233; &#224; structurer des flux. Les acteurs non &#233;tatiques &#8212; multinationales, institutions financi&#232;res, collectivit&#233;s territoriales, soci&#233;t&#233; civile &#8212; ne sont plus p&#233;riph&#233;riques : ils participent directement &#224; la production du pouvoir. Pourtant, malgr&#233; ces mutations, une grande partie des analyses reste prisonni&#232;re d&#8217;une vision binaire du monde : rivalit&#233; ou domination. Cette simplification emp&#234;che de penser les v&#233;ritables enjeux.</p><h3>L&#8217;impasse du paradigme conflictuel</h3><p>Les d&#233;fis majeurs du XXIe si&#232;cle ne sont pas &#224; somme nulle. Le climat, la s&#233;curit&#233; alimentaire, la transition &#233;nerg&#233;tique, la gouvernance des oc&#233;ans ou la r&#233;gulation du num&#233;rique ne peuvent &#234;tre r&#233;solus par la seule confrontation. Ils exigent des formes de coordination, parfois minimales, mais indispensables. Une g&#233;opolitique r&#233;duite &#224; la rivalit&#233; conduit alors &#224; une impasse : elle alimente les tensions sans offrir de solutions. Pire, elle risque d&#8217;aggraver les crises qu&#8217;elle pr&#233;tend analyser.</p><h3>Pour une g&#233;opolitique humaniste</h3><p>Il est temps de changer de paradigme. Non pas en niant les rapports de force, mais en les repla&#231;ant dans un cadre plus large. Dans un monde interd&#233;pendant, la puissance ne se limite plus &#224; la capacit&#233; de domination. Elle inclut la capacit&#233; &#224; g&#233;rer la complexit&#233;, &#224; stabiliser des syst&#232;mes fragiles et &#224; permettre une coexistence durable. C&#8217;est le sens d&#8217;une g&#233;opolitique humaniste. Une g&#233;opolitique qui place les soci&#233;t&#233;s au centre. Qui prend en compte les transformations sociales, les comportements &#233;conomiques, les environnements technologiques et les imaginaires collectifs. Qui analyse non seulement les &#201;tats, mais aussi les individus et les structures qui les relient. Ce d&#233;placement est d&#233;cisif. Il implique de passer d&#8217;une logique de domination &#224; une logique de responsabilit&#233;, du contr&#244;le &#224; la coordination, de la rivalit&#233; &#224; la coexistence.</p><div><hr></div><p><em>*A propos de l&#8217;auteur - Docteur en sciences politiques, Charles Salvaudon est expert en g&#233;opolitique aupr&#232;s du Centre Europ&#233;en de Droit et d'Economie de l'ESSEC, dirig&#233; par Viviane de Beaufort. Il est &#233;galement professeur &#224; Albert School&#8211;Mines Paris, o&#249; il enseigne et coordonne une dizaine de professeurs de g&#233;opolitique pour les diff&#233;rents campus europ&#233;ens de l'&#233;cole. Contributeur pour l&#8217;Institut Jacques Delors, il est l&#8217;auteur de plusieurs ouvrages: &#8220;G&#233;opolitique, cette force qui bouleverse tout&#8221; (&#233;d. Baudelaire), &#8220;G&#233;opolitique pour l&#8217;Entreprise&#8221; (&#233;d. L&#8217;Harmattan), &#8220;The New Geopolitics of Sustainability&#8221; (Springer).</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[How the Strait of Hormuz Trap Is Rattling the Corn Belt]]></title><description><![CDATA[With the spring planting window fast approaching, the war with Iran is triggering an unprecedented supply shock, leaving 75% of U.S. farmers exposed as they have yet to secure their fertilizer needs.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/how-the-strait-of-hormuz-trap-is</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/how-the-strait-of-hormuz-trap-is</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 20 Mar 2026 14:35:20 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LdJs!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48c5af36-2d26-4022-a2b1-8798030ad5c3_1376x680.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LdJs!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48c5af36-2d26-4022-a2b1-8798030ad5c3_1376x680.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LdJs!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48c5af36-2d26-4022-a2b1-8798030ad5c3_1376x680.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LdJs!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48c5af36-2d26-4022-a2b1-8798030ad5c3_1376x680.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LdJs!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48c5af36-2d26-4022-a2b1-8798030ad5c3_1376x680.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LdJs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48c5af36-2d26-4022-a2b1-8798030ad5c3_1376x680.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LdJs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48c5af36-2d26-4022-a2b1-8798030ad5c3_1376x680.png" width="1376" height="680" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/48c5af36-2d26-4022-a2b1-8798030ad5c3_1376x680.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/172f2997-5f73-4c92-bdd0-01fc79e63b19_1376x680.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:680,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1881236,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/191581634?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1d34e4b4-2a44-4ec3-baf4-e1a4a9c62a35_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LdJs!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48c5af36-2d26-4022-a2b1-8798030ad5c3_1376x680.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LdJs!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48c5af36-2d26-4022-a2b1-8798030ad5c3_1376x680.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LdJs!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48c5af36-2d26-4022-a2b1-8798030ad5c3_1376x680.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LdJs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48c5af36-2d26-4022-a2b1-8798030ad5c3_1376x680.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">The Pentagon has confirmed that the security of the Strait of Hormuz cannot be guaranteed under current conditions.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Factoring in the Corn Belt&#8217;s operational window likely would have pushed Operation &#8216;Epic Fury&#8217; past the spring planting season. By triggering a supply shock in the Gulf and a maritime blockade at Hormuz, Washington has blindsided the U.S. agricultural sector at its most sensitive period, seemingly underestimating the domestic trade-offs of the intervention.</p><p>While the United States is not systemically dependent on the Middle East for its total fertilizer supply, it remains vulnerable in several critical segments. According to the American Farm Bureau Federation (AFBF), Saudi Arabia alone accounted for 39% of U.S. phosphate imports in 2024, while Qatar and Saudi Arabia combined for 16% of urea imports. The administration is now actively seeking alternative suppliers, as domestic production capacity cannot pivot fast enough to offset this supply shock.</p><p>The global fertilizer market is highly integrated and structurally sensitive to supply disruptions. Characterized by limited strategic reserves, the sector operates on a just-in-time basis due to high storage costs, stringent safety regulations, and the hygroscopic nature of the products. &#8220;<em>Supply disruptions in one part of the world can ripple across the trade routes and affect availability and price in other regions. While the United States is both a fertilizer producer and importer, those same global supply dynamics play a role in determining input costs for American farmers,</em>&#8221; explains the Fertilizer Institute.</p><p>The price surge has been as sudden as the supply shock, with increases ranging from 20% to 35% across all major nutrient categories. &#8220;<em>Spot urea prices in the US Gulf have risen USD 132.50/short ton since the conflict began, their largest two-week increase since September 2022,</em>&#8221;  notes Rabobank. This spike comes at a time when <a href="https://www.cobank.com/knowledge-exchange/grain-and-farm-supply/fertilizer-markets-struggle-with-supply-constraints-farmer-affordability">input costs were already eroding farm margins</a>.</p><h3><strong>Nitrogen Volatility Drives Acreage Reallocation</strong></h3><p>As of March 13, 75% of U.S. farmers had yet to secure their fertilizer needs for the spring season, according to US Secretary of Agriculture Brooke Rollins. To mitigate these costs, farmers are considering a significant acreage shift. Analysts suggest that 1 to 1.5 million acres could swing from corn to soybeans this spring. By pivoting away from corn, farmers hope to slash their nitrogen bills - inflated by natural gas prices and logistical bottlenecks - in favor of a crop with intrinsic nitrogen-fixing capabilities.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2UTL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F554b5cea-b4a6-4bfd-828c-a1cd4c18a43b_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2UTL!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F554b5cea-b4a6-4bfd-828c-a1cd4c18a43b_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2UTL!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F554b5cea-b4a6-4bfd-828c-a1cd4c18a43b_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2UTL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F554b5cea-b4a6-4bfd-828c-a1cd4c18a43b_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2UTL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F554b5cea-b4a6-4bfd-828c-a1cd4c18a43b_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2UTL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F554b5cea-b4a6-4bfd-828c-a1cd4c18a43b_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/554b5cea-b4a6-4bfd-828c-a1cd4c18a43b_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/20064db8-502c-4ff2-8256-090ec6155386_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2670622,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/191581634?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20064db8-502c-4ff2-8256-090ec6155386_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2UTL!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F554b5cea-b4a6-4bfd-828c-a1cd4c18a43b_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2UTL!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F554b5cea-b4a6-4bfd-828c-a1cd4c18a43b_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2UTL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F554b5cea-b4a6-4bfd-828c-a1cd4c18a43b_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2UTL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F554b5cea-b4a6-4bfd-828c-a1cd4c18a43b_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Farmers may increase soybean acreage at the expense of corn.</figcaption></figure></div><p></p><h3><strong>The Realpolitik of Phosphate</strong></h3><p>Securing phosphate supplies has become a top strategic priority. In 2025, many farmers had already deferred purchases due to high costs. &#8220;I<em>mports fell by 25% year over year following the imposition of IEEPA tariffs</em>,&#8221; says the National Corn Association, warning that further disruptions could &#8220;<em>further inflame a tight supply/high price situation in the United States.</em>&#8220;</p><p>Following the <a href="https://www.trade.gov/faq/final-determinations-countervailing-duty-investigations-phosphate-fertilizers-morocco-and">2021 imposition of countervailing duties (CVD) on Moroccan and Russian phosphate fertilizers</a>, Saudi Arabia emerged as the primary U.S. supplier. With China expected to extend its export freeze beyond August 2026, the Fertilizer Institute identifies Russia and Morocco as the only viable substitutes for Saudi volumes.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>However, their ability to bridge the gap is far from guaranteed. &#8220;<em>Russia is contending with domestic export limits and recent Ukrainian attacks on production plants, with industry sources reporting that companies are focused on meeting domestic demand,</em>&#8220; <a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/chokepoint-how-war-iran-threatens-global-food-security">reports the CSIS</a> (Center for Strategic and International Studies).</p><p>Morocco, the world&#8217;s leading phosphate producer, faces its own operational constraint: a 48% dependency on Gulf sulfur imports. Sulfur is the critical feedstock required for the acidulation of phosphate rock, effectively serving as the structural bottleneck for the entire industry. While <a href="https://www.globalsov.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/26.03.15-Ormuz-Strait-closure-consequences-on-Africas-fertilizer-and-food-imports-GSA.pdf">Global Sovereign Advisory (GSA) noted on March 15</a> that &#8220;<em>the country is said to have built up sufficient sulphur stocks to avoid being immediately affected by the crisis in the Gulf,</em>&#8221; the long-term outlook remains precarious.</p><p>Furthermore, a reopening of the Strait of Hormuz appears unlikely in the short term. &#8220;<em>The Pentagon confirmed this week that military options for escorting oil tankers through the strait have not been formally tasked, while the specifics of the DFC&#8217;s reinsurance mechanism are so far insufficient for shipping companies to offset the risk of traveling through the strait</em>,&#8221; the CSIS explains.</p><h3><strong>Food Security Overrides Diplomacy: The Return of Sanctioned Origins</strong></h3><p>Food security is forcing Washington to engage with previously shunned suppliers. A coalition of agricultural groups has officially lobbied for the removal of duties on Moroccan and Russian fertilizers and the authorization of Venezuelan imports.</p><p>Their pleas have been heard. On March 13, <a href="https://ofac.treasury.gov/faqs/1226">the U.S. Treasury announced a partial easing of sanctions on Venezuelan fertilizers</a>. Argus Media <a href="https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news-and-insights/latest-market-news/2780056-us-to-review-russia-morocco-phos-duties-in-march">reported in December</a> that the Department of Commerce would conduct a sunset review of Moroccan and Russian counterduties in March, potentially providing a window for administrative relief.</p><p>Finally, on March 19, Special Envoy John Coale announced in Minsk <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/19/world/europe/belarus-prisoners-fertilizer-potash-sanctions.html?searchResultPosition=1">the total lifting of sanctions on Belarusian potash exports</a>, which had been in place since the invasion of Ukraine.</p><p>The Trump administration understands that <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/phillempert/2026/03/16/the-iran-war-isnt-just-a-gas-price-story-its-a-food-price-crisis-with-the-worst-to-come/">fertilizer inflation is a &#8220;slow-release poison</a>.&#8221; Higher input costs first appear in planting shifts, then in yields and production costs, before eventually translating into grocery store inflation six to twelve months later. Ahead of the midterms, this lagged supply-side shock risks compromising the &#8216;affordability&#8217; narrative at the core of the Republican agenda, transforming agricultural volatility into a political liability.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/p/how-the-strait-of-hormuz-trap-is?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/p/how-the-strait-of-hormuz-trap-is?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/p/how-the-strait-of-hormuz-trap-is/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/p/how-the-strait-of-hormuz-trap-is/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[La Corn Belt prise au piège du détroit d’Ormuz]]></title><description><![CDATA[Alors que 75 % des agriculteurs am&#233;ricains n'ont pas encore s&#233;curis&#233; leurs achats, la guerre avec l'Iran provoque une onde de choc sans pr&#233;c&#233;dent sur le march&#233; des engrais.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/la-corn-belt-prise-au-piege-du-detroit-d-ormouzdu-detroit</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/la-corn-belt-prise-au-piege-du-detroit-d-ormouzdu-detroit</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 20 Mar 2026 09:57:05 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3hP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa604c109-102d-4ae7-9894-58fff7a8c1d7_1376x684.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3hP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa604c109-102d-4ae7-9894-58fff7a8c1d7_1376x684.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3hP!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa604c109-102d-4ae7-9894-58fff7a8c1d7_1376x684.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3hP!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa604c109-102d-4ae7-9894-58fff7a8c1d7_1376x684.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3hP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa604c109-102d-4ae7-9894-58fff7a8c1d7_1376x684.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3hP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa604c109-102d-4ae7-9894-58fff7a8c1d7_1376x684.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3hP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa604c109-102d-4ae7-9894-58fff7a8c1d7_1376x684.png" width="1376" height="684" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a604c109-102d-4ae7-9894-58fff7a8c1d7_1376x684.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e26e720e-3e11-45e3-ba60-a57a64fa0407_1376x684.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:684,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1892935,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/191559673?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F410fd883-2b8b-48bc-8658-cb5c0c3ae474_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3hP!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa604c109-102d-4ae7-9894-58fff7a8c1d7_1376x684.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3hP!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa604c109-102d-4ae7-9894-58fff7a8c1d7_1376x684.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3hP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa604c109-102d-4ae7-9894-58fff7a8c1d7_1376x684.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3hP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa604c109-102d-4ae7-9894-58fff7a8c1d7_1376x684.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Le Pentagone a confirm&#233; que la s&#233;curisation du d&#233;troit d&#8217;Ormuz ne pouvait pas &#234;tre assur&#233;e &#224; l&#8217;heure actuelle.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Si la Corn Belt avait eu voix au chapitre, Washington aurait sans doute attendu la fin des semis avant de d&#233;clencher l&#8217;op&#233;ration &#8220;Epic Fury&#8221; sur l&#8217;Iran.</p><p>La destruction de pans entiers de l&#8217;appareil productif dans l&#8217;ensemble des pays du Golfe, et le blocage du d&#233;troit d&#8217;Ormuz, sont intervenus &#224; un moment critique pour les agriculteurs am&#233;ricains. Washington a peut-&#234;tre sous-estim&#233; le co&#251;t agricole domestique imm&#233;diat de sa propre intervention.</p><p>Les &#201;tats-Unis ne d&#233;pendent pas massivement du Moyen-Orient pour l&#8217;ensemble de leurs engrais, mais ils y sont expos&#233;s sur certains segments critiques. Selon l&#8217;American Farm Bureau Federation, l&#8217;Arabie saoudite repr&#233;sentait &#224; elle seule 39 % des importations am&#233;ricaines de phosphate en 2024, tandis que le Qatar et l&#8217;Arabie saoudite comptaient ensemble pour 16 % des importations d&#8217;ur&#233;e.</p><p>L&#8217;administration recherche activement d&#8217;autres fournisseurs, leur capacit&#233; de production nationale n&#8217;&#233;tant pas en mesure de s&#8217;ajuster &#224; ce choc d&#8217;offre.</p><p>Le march&#233; des engrais est mondial, hautement int&#233;gr&#233;, et structurellement vuln&#233;rable aux chocs d&#8217;offre. Le secteur fonctionne avec des stocks relativement limit&#233;s. Le co&#251;t du stockage, les contraintes de s&#233;curit&#233;, les exigences r&#233;glementaires et la sensibilit&#233; de certains produits &#224; l&#8217;humidit&#233; ou &#224; l&#8217;agglom&#233;ration incitent les acteurs &#224; op&#233;rer en flux tendu.</p><h3>Des r&#233;actions en cha&#238;ne</h3><p>&#8220;<em>Des ruptures d&#8217;approvisionnement dans une partie du monde peuvent se propager le long des routes commerciales et affecter la disponibilit&#233; ainsi que les prix dans d&#8217;autres r&#233;gions. Bien que les &#201;tats-Unis soient &#224; la fois producteurs et importateurs d&#8217;engrais, ces m&#234;mes dynamiques d&#8217;offre mondiales jouent un r&#244;le d&#233;terminant dans les co&#251;ts de production des agriculteurs am&#233;ricains</em>&#8221;, explique le Fertilizer Institute.</p><p>Tout aussi brutale que le choc d&#8217;offre, la hausse des prix a &#233;t&#233; imm&#233;diate. Elle est comprise entre 20 et 35% selon les engrais consid&#233;r&#233;s. &#8220;L<em>es prix au comptant de l&#8217;ur&#233;e dans le Golfe du Mexique ont bondi de 132,50 $ par tonne courte depuis le d&#233;but du conflit, marquant leur plus forte progression sur deux semaines depuis septembre 2022</em>&#8221;, illustre Rabobank.</p><blockquote><p>Cette hausse est intervenue dans un contexte o&#249; les prix des intrants, et des engrais en particulier,<a href="https://www.cobank.com/knowledge-exchange/grain-and-farm-supply/fertilizer-markets-struggle-with-supply-constraints-farmer-affordability"> pesaient d&#233;j&#224; sur les marges des agriculteurs</a>.</p></blockquote><h3><strong>Quand le prix de l&#8217;azote redessine les semis</strong></h3><p>75% d&#8217;entre eux n&#8217;ont pas encore achet&#233; l&#8217;engrais n&#233;cessaire &#224; leurs semis de printemps, a d&#233;clar&#233; Brooke Rollins, la secr&#233;taire d&#8217;Etat &#224; l&#8217;Agriculture, le 13 mars dernier.</p><p>Plusieurs analystes agricoles &#233;voquent un basculement potentiellement significatif des surfaces du ma&#239;s vers le soja, certains allant jusqu&#8217;&#224; 1 &#224; 1,5 million d&#8217;acres. En renon&#231;ant au ma&#239;s, les fermiers all&#233;geraient surtout leur facture d&#8217;azote - rench&#233;rie par le prix du gaz, les tensions logistiques et la fermeture d&#8217;Ormuz - au profit d&#8217;une culture capable de fixer son propre azote atmosph&#233;rique.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZ7i!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F887e6a1f-548f-44cc-93d9-4bd472254678_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZ7i!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F887e6a1f-548f-44cc-93d9-4bd472254678_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZ7i!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F887e6a1f-548f-44cc-93d9-4bd472254678_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZ7i!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F887e6a1f-548f-44cc-93d9-4bd472254678_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZ7i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F887e6a1f-548f-44cc-93d9-4bd472254678_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZ7i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F887e6a1f-548f-44cc-93d9-4bd472254678_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/887e6a1f-548f-44cc-93d9-4bd472254678_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8071bb9d-bd6c-4418-b6bb-f526258d9e7f_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2670622,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/191559673?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8071bb9d-bd6c-4418-b6bb-f526258d9e7f_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZ7i!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F887e6a1f-548f-44cc-93d9-4bd472254678_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZ7i!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F887e6a1f-548f-44cc-93d9-4bd472254678_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZ7i!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F887e6a1f-548f-44cc-93d9-4bd472254678_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZ7i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F887e6a1f-548f-44cc-93d9-4bd472254678_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Les agriculteurs pourraient augmenter les surfaces plant&#233;es de soja, au d&#233;triment du ma&#239;s.</figcaption></figure></div><h3><strong>La Realpolitik du phosphate</strong></h3><p>La s&#233;curisation des approvisionnements en phosphate est l&#8217;une des priorit&#233;s en ce d&#233;but d&#8217;ann&#233;e. En 2025 les agriculteurs avaient &#233;t&#233; nombreux &#224; faire l&#8217;impasse sur leurs achats.</p><p>&#8220;<em>Les importations ont chut&#233; de 25 % sur un an apr&#232;s la mise en &#339;uvre des tarifs douaniers li&#233;s &#224; l&#8217;IEEPA</em>,&#8221; indique la National Corn Association, pr&#233;cisant que &#8220;t<em>oute nouvelle rupture des importations risquerait d&#8217;exacerber une situation d&#233;j&#224; marqu&#233;e par une offre exsangue et des prix record aux &#201;tats-Unis.</em>&#8221;</p><p>Apr&#232;s<a href="https://www.trade.gov/faq/final-determinations-countervailing-duty-investigations-phosphate-fertilizers-morocco-and"> la mise en place de surtaxes sur les engrais marocains et russes</a> en 2021, l&#8217;Arabie saoudite est devenue le premier fournisseur de phosphate des Etats-Unis (cf. supra).</p><p>Les analystes estiment qu&#8217;un prolongement du gel des exportations chinoises, qui devrait prendre fin en ao&#251;t 2026, est probable. Les autres pays producteurs susceptibles de se substituer &#224; l&#8217;arr&#234;t des livraisons saoudiennes sont la Russie et le Maroc, selon le Fertilizer Institute.</p><p>L&#224; encore, rien ne garantit que ces fournisseurs puissent compenser rapidement l&#8217;arr&#234;t des flux en provenance du Golfe. &#8220;<em>Aujourd&#8217;hui, la Russie doit composer avec des restrictions &#224; l&#8217;exportation et les cons&#233;quences d&#8217;attaques ukrainiennes r&#233;centes contre ses sites de production ; des sources industrielles rapportent que les entreprises se concentrent d&#233;sormais sur la satisfaction de la demande nationale</em>,&#8221;<a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/chokepoint-how-war-iran-threatens-global-food-security"> rapporte le CSIS</a> (Center for Strategic and International Studies).</p><p>Premier producteur mondial de phosphate, le Maroc pourrait voir sa capacit&#233; de r&#233;ponse limit&#233;e par sa propre d&#233;pendance aux importations de soufre, dont 48 % proviennent des pays du Golfe. Le soufre, catalyseur indispensable &#224; la transformation de la roche phosphat&#233;e, est devenu le v&#233;ritable goulot d&#8217;&#233;tranglement de la fili&#232;re. &#8220;<em>Le pays aurait constitu&#233; des stocks de soufre suffisants pour &#233;viter d&#8217;&#234;tre imm&#233;diatement affect&#233; par la crise dans le Golfe</em>,&#8221; rassure<a href="https://www.globalsov.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/26.03.15-Ormuz-Strait-closure-consequences-on-Africas-fertilizer-and-food-imports-GSA.pdf"> Global Sovereign Advisory (GSA)</a> dans une note du 15 mars 2026.</p><p>Enfin, la r&#233;ouverture du D&#233;troit d&#8217;Ormuz, et a fortiori la reprise du trafic maritime, semblent exclus &#224; court terme. &#8220;<em>Le Pentagone a confirm&#233; cette semaine qu&#8217;aucune option militaire visant &#224; escorter les p&#233;troliers &#224; travers le d&#233;troit n&#8217;a fait l&#8217;objet d&#8217;une mission formelle. Parall&#232;lement, les modalit&#233;s du m&#233;canisme de r&#233;assurance de la DFC (Development Finance Corporation) s&#8217;av&#232;rent pour l&#8217;heure insuffisantes pour permettre aux compagnies maritimes de compenser les risques li&#233;s au passage du d&#233;troit</em>,&#8221; explique le CSIS.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/p/la-corn-belt-prise-au-piege-du-detroit-d-ormouzdu-detroit?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/p/la-corn-belt-prise-au-piege-du-detroit-d-ormouzdu-detroit?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><h3><strong>Vers un retour en gr&#226;ce de &#8220;parias&#8221;</strong></h3><p>La s&#233;curit&#233; alimentaire force Washington &#224; rouvrir des canaux avec des fournisseurs hier encore ind&#233;sirables. Une coalition d&#8217;organisations agricoles a officiellement demand&#233; la lev&#233;e des surtaxes visant les engrais marocains et russes, et d&#8217;autoriser l&#8217;importation d&#8217;engrais en provenance du Venezuela.</p><p>Elles ont &#233;t&#233; entendues. La lev&#233;e partielle des sanctions visant les engrais v&#233;n&#233;zu&#233;liens a &#233;t&#233;<a href="https://ofac.treasury.gov/faqs/1226"> annonc&#233;e par le Tr&#233;sor am&#233;ricain</a> le 13 mars, et<a href="https://x.com/USTreasury?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E2034268612484043170%7Ctwgr%5E8131565cc38c1363b3990ee3ef6e32293874928d%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&amp;ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwpde.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fus-eases-venezuela-oil-sanctions-to-boost-supply-amid-iran-war-treasury-secretary-president-donald-trump-energy-sector-jones-act-us-flagged-vessels-strait-of-hormuz"> relay&#233;e sur X</a> quelques jours plus tard.</p><p>Quant aux surtaxes frappant les engrais russes et marocains,<a href="https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news-and-insights/latest-market-news/2780056-us-to-review-russia-morocco-phos-duties-in-march"> Argus Media annon&#231;ait au mois de d&#233;cembre</a> que leur r&#233;vision serait &#233;tudi&#233;e par le Department of Trade au mois de mars dans le cadre d&#8217;une clause de r&#233;vision quinquennale.</p><p>Enfin, le 19 mars, les Etats-Unis ont annonc&#233;, par la voix de leur envoy&#233; sp&#233;cial John Coale en d&#233;placement &#224; Minsk,<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/19/world/europe/belarus-prisoners-fertilizer-potash-sanctions.html?searchResultPosition=1"> la lev&#233;e totale des sanctions qui visaient les exportations de potasses de la Bi&#233;lorussie</a> depuis l&#8217;invasion de l&#8217;Ukraine par la Russie.</p><p>L&#8217;administration Trump est consciente que<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/phillempert/2026/03/16/the-iran-war-isnt-just-a-gas-price-story-its-a-food-price-crisis-with-the-worst-to-come/"> la hausse des prix des engrais est un poison lent</a>. Leur rench&#233;rissement se lit d&#8217;abord dans les arbitrages de semis, ensuite dans les rendements, puis dans les co&#251;ts de production, avant d&#8217;atteindre &#8212; six &#224; douze mois plus tard &#8212; le panier des m&#233;nages.</p><p>&#192; l&#8217;approche des midterms, c&#8217;est exactement le type de choc diff&#233;r&#233; capable de ruiner une promesse d&#8217;&#8220;<em>affordability</em>&#8221; &#233;rig&#233;e en th&#232;me central de campagne.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/p/la-corn-belt-prise-au-piege-du-detroit-d-ormouzdu-detroit/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/p/la-corn-belt-prise-au-piege-du-detroit-d-ormouzdu-detroit/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The US Puts the IMF Under Pressure]]></title><description><![CDATA[The US policy aimed at unraveling the programs designed to finance the fight against climate change is not limited to the domestic stage. This re-evaluation of priorities extends to the IMF as well.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/the-us-puts-the-imf-under-pressure</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/the-us-puts-the-imf-under-pressure</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 27 Feb 2026 19:11:59 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F07I!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89c6d041-21f5-4c61-adce-083d92a96ca5_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F07I!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89c6d041-21f5-4c61-adce-083d92a96ca5_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F07I!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89c6d041-21f5-4c61-adce-083d92a96ca5_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F07I!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89c6d041-21f5-4c61-adce-083d92a96ca5_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F07I!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89c6d041-21f5-4c61-adce-083d92a96ca5_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F07I!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89c6d041-21f5-4c61-adce-083d92a96ca5_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F07I!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89c6d041-21f5-4c61-adce-083d92a96ca5_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/89c6d041-21f5-4c61-adce-083d92a96ca5_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d5821450-1658-48c9-8a02-55c1ca607756_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2352604,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/189379253?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5821450-1658-48c9-8a02-55c1ca607756_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F07I!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89c6d041-21f5-4c61-adce-083d92a96ca5_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F07I!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89c6d041-21f5-4c61-adce-083d92a96ca5_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F07I!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89c6d041-21f5-4c61-adce-083d92a96ca5_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F07I!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89c6d041-21f5-4c61-adce-083d92a96ca5_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>It may appear to be an innocuous technicality at first glance. However, a close study of the <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/international/international-monetary-fund">Treasury&#8217;s quarterly reports on U.S. voting policy</a> within the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is telling: since February 2025 and the inauguration of Donald Trump, the United States has consistently abstained or voted against most programs involving financing eligible for the Resilience and Sustainability Trust (RST) - the instrument designed to extend the IMF&#8217;s mandate toward long-term structural risks.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>While this strategy has no immediate effect on final approvals - a qualified majority is the required threshold in this context - it serves as a persistent signal to the Board. Vote after vote, it underscores the U.S. determination to pivot the IMF&#8217;s strategy back toward what it deems its &#8220;original mandate.&#8221;</p><h3><strong>A Consistent Political Line</strong></h3><p>The tone was set on Inauguration Day. Executive Order 14169, titled <em><a href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/01/30/2025-02091/reevaluating-and-realigning-united-states-foreign-aid">&#8220;Reevaluating and Realigning United States Foreign Aid,&#8221;</a></em> signed on January 20, 2025, mandated the Treasury Secretary to conduct a comprehensive review of U.S. commitments within International Financial Institutions (IFIs).</p><p>While the decree did not explicitly name the IMF or the World Bank, it served as a prelude to the hardline stances that defined 2025. &#8220;<em>Now I know &#8220;sustainability&#8221; is a popular term around here. But I&#8217;m not talking about climate change or carbon footprints. I&#8217;m talking about economic and financial sustainability&#8212;the kind of sustainability that raises standards of living and keeps markets afloat. International financial institutions must be singularly focused on upholding this kind of sustainability if they are to succeed in their missions,&#8221;</em> <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0094">declared Scott Bessent before the Institute of International Finance (IIF)</a> on April 23, 2025. He further argued that the IMF devotes <em>&#8220;disproportionate time and resources to work on climate change, gender, and social issues.&#8221;</em></p><p>The Treasury Secretary reiterated these grievances <a href="https://meetings.imf.org/en/-/media/amsm/files/sm2025/imfc/united-states.pdf">the following day at the IMF-World Bank Spring Meetings</a>, accusing the Fund of losing sight of the <em>&#8220;core macroeconomic issues it was created to address.&#8221;</em></p><p>Washington views the IMF as a key pillar of American influence. Consequently, the current dynamic is one of redefinition rather than retreat. Lacking a broad consensus, the Trump administration is attempting to reshape the Fund&#8217;s perimeter through aggressive lobbying and strategic obstruction.</p><h3><strong>A Broken Pledge</strong></h3><p>Launched in April 2022, the RST aims to transform the IMF&#8217;s role by addressing long-term macroeconomic risks. Its primary function is to provide long-term financing (maturities up to 20 years, compared to the 3 to 5 years for traditional IMF instruments) to help low- and middle-income nations build resilience against climate change and future pandemics.</p><p>The RST is funded by the &#8220;recycling&#8221; of surplus Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) from the $650 billion general allocation of August 2021. The capitalization target, set at SDR 33 billion, has been met. Thanks to contributions from China, the EU, and Japan, the fund held approximately SDR 32 to 35 billion by early 2026.</p><blockquote><p>&#8220;We expect the IMF to strengthen its surveillance activities and to do so with objectivity and evenhandedness.  This work should be focused on macroeconomic and financial stability, rather than other areas beyond the IMF&#8217;s expertise like climate and gender.&#8221; Scott Bessent, October 2025.</p></blockquote><p>However, the United States has never fulfilled its commitment to transfer SDR 15 billion, as Congress consistently refused to authorize the operation. In May 2025, the U.S. Treasury officially <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/266/150s-FY-2026-CBJ.pdf">has removed this chapter from the budget request</a>, finalizing the pivot. <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/266/Treasury-International-Programs-FY-2025-CBJ.pdf">Unlike the previous year&#8217;s report</a>, the document makes no mention of climate or the RST.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n0mU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdddece5a-6df0-488d-bda9-e8ca1662155f_1602x866.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n0mU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdddece5a-6df0-488d-bda9-e8ca1662155f_1602x866.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n0mU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdddece5a-6df0-488d-bda9-e8ca1662155f_1602x866.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n0mU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdddece5a-6df0-488d-bda9-e8ca1662155f_1602x866.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n0mU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdddece5a-6df0-488d-bda9-e8ca1662155f_1602x866.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The Republican majority in Congress fully supports this &#8220;de-greening&#8221; strategy. <em>&#8220;Under the Biden Administration, the IMF&#8217;s management tried to turn the Fund into a &#8216;World Bank Lite,&#8217; launching initiatives on climate change and social policy. If the Trump Administration wants to pull back on the IMF&#8217;s mission creep, it can start by scrapping the Resilience and Sustainability Facility and focusing on the Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust,&#8221;</em> <a href="https://financialservices.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=409723">stated House Financial Services Committee Chairman French Hill </a>in his opening remarks during the <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0133">hearing of Scott Bessent</a> on May 7, 2025.</p><h3><strong>An Uncertain Future</strong></h3><p>The Center for Global Development (CGD) has noted a &#8220;<em>loss of momentum</em>&#8220; in the RST&#8217;s operations. <em>&#8220;Despite a few large programs in 2025 that absorbed significant financing, it is unlikely that all remaining RSF resources will be utilized by 2026 without adjustments to the facility&#8217;s design features,&#8221;</em> <a href="https://www.cgdev.org/blog/reviving-imfs-resilience-and-sustainability-facility-challenges-and-opportunities-ahead">concluded a report published in October 2025</a>.</p><p>While the very existence of the RST is now publicly challenged by the U.S., its governance is being questioned by others. China and the G24 nations have contested the conditionality attached to these loans. To access the facility, countries must typically have a concurrent IMF-supported program with at least 18 months remaining&#8212;a requirement seen by some as overly restrictive.</p><p>However, a formal overhaul remains unlikely. Any major structural reform requires an 85% supermajority of the total voting power. With a nearly 16.5% share, the United States holds a de facto veto&#8212;a privilege it has no intention of relinquishing.</p><p>The debate is set to intensify in 2026. The IMF is scheduled to publish a comprehensive review of the facility, while the <a href="https://ieo.imf.org/en/-/media/ieo/files/evaluations/ongoing/icc-draft-issues-paper.pdf">Independent Evaluation Office (IEO) will release its own report</a> examining the relevance of integrating climate risks into the Fund&#8217;s core mandate.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/p/the-us-puts-the-imf-under-pressure?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/p/the-us-puts-the-imf-under-pressure?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Le FMI est sous la pression des Etats-Unis]]></title><description><![CDATA[La politique am&#233;ricaine visant &#224; &#8220;d&#233;tricoter&#8221; les programmes finan&#231;ant la lutte contre le changement climatique ne se limite pas &#224; la sc&#232;ne nationale. Le FMI est &#233;galement dans la ligne de mire.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/le-resilience-and-sustainability-fund-onds-monetaire-internationalf</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/le-resilience-and-sustainability-fund-onds-monetaire-internationalf</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 27 Feb 2026 16:23:08 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTZU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936b5e2f-b216-4d01-851a-fd448e602c39_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTZU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936b5e2f-b216-4d01-851a-fd448e602c39_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTZU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936b5e2f-b216-4d01-851a-fd448e602c39_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTZU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936b5e2f-b216-4d01-851a-fd448e602c39_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTZU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936b5e2f-b216-4d01-851a-fd448e602c39_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTZU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936b5e2f-b216-4d01-851a-fd448e602c39_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTZU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936b5e2f-b216-4d01-851a-fd448e602c39_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/936b5e2f-b216-4d01-851a-fd448e602c39_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f2a3720a-c728-4773-abe4-ea6277b931ff_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2352604,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/189365142?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2a3720a-c728-4773-abe4-ea6277b931ff_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTZU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936b5e2f-b216-4d01-851a-fd448e602c39_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTZU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936b5e2f-b216-4d01-851a-fd448e602c39_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTZU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936b5e2f-b216-4d01-851a-fd448e602c39_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTZU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936b5e2f-b216-4d01-851a-fd448e602c39_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Elle n&#8217;a ind&#233;niablement rien de passionnant. Cependant l&#8217;&#233;tude des reportings trimestriels du Tr&#233;sor sur la <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/international/international-monetary-fund">politique de vote am&#233;ricaine au sein des instances du Fonds mon&#233;taire international</a> (FMI) est &#233;difiante : depuis le mois de f&#233;vrier 2025 et l&#8217;arriv&#233;e au pouvoir de Donald Trump, les Etats-Unis s&#8217;abstiennent ou votent contre l&#8217;essentiel des dossiers int&#233;grant des financements &#233;ligibles au Fonds pour la r&#233;silience et la durabilit&#233; (RST), l&#8217;instrument de l&#8217;extension du mandat du FMI vers les risques de long terme.</p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share Transitions&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share Transitions</span></a></p><p>Cette strat&#233;gie n&#8217;a aucun effet sur la d&#233;cision finale : dans cette instance, la majorit&#233; qualifi&#233;e suffit. Mais elle t&#233;moigne vis-&#224;-vis des membres du conseil d&#8217;administration, vote apr&#232;s vote, de la volont&#233; des Etats-Unis de peser sur la strat&#233;gie du FMI qu&#8217;ils jugent contraire &#224; son mandat originel.</p><h3>La durabilit&#233; sans le climat</h3><p>Le ton a &#233;t&#233; donn&#233; d&#232;s le jour de l&#8217;investiture de Donald Trump. Le d&#233;cret pr&#233;sidentiel intitul&#233; <a href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/01/30/2025-02091/reevaluating-and-realigning-united-states-foreign-aid">&#8220;Reevaluating and Realigning United States Foreign Aid&#8221;</a>, sign&#233; le 20 janvier 2025, a donn&#233; pour mission au secr&#233;taire d&#8217;Etat au Tr&#233;sor de mener une revue des engagements am&#233;ricains dans les institutions financi&#232;res internationales.</p><p>Ce d&#233;cret, qui ne visait pas explicitement le FMI ou la Banque mondiale, a &#233;t&#233; le pr&#233;lude aux prises de position fermes qui ont &#233;maill&#233; l&#8217;ann&#233;e 2025. &#8220;J<em>e n&#8217;ignore pas que la &#8220;durabilit&#233;&#8221; est un terme en vogue dans ces enceintes. Mais je ne parle ni de changement climatique, ni d&#8217;empreinte carbone. Je parle de viabilit&#233; &#233;conomique et financi&#232;re &#8212; cette forme de durabilit&#233; qui permet l&#8217;&#233;l&#233;vation des niveaux de vie et assure le maintien de la liquidit&#233; des march&#233;s. Pour mener &#224; bien leurs missions, les institutions financi&#232;res internationales doivent se concentrer de mani&#232;re exclusive sur la pr&#233;servation de ce type de soutenabilit&#233;</em>,&#8221; <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0094">a ainsi d&#233;clar&#233; Scott Bessent devant l&#8217;IIF</a> (Institute of International Finance), le 23 avril 2025. Le FMI consacre &#8220;<em>un temps et des ressources disproportionn&#233;s pour travailler sur le changement climatique, les probl&#232;mes sociaux et li&#233;s au genre</em>&#8221;, a-t-il ajout&#233;.</p><p>Le secr&#233;taire d&#8217;Etat au Tr&#233;sor a r&#233;it&#233;r&#233; ses reproches d&#232;s le lendemain, cette fois &#224; l&#8217;occasion des r<a href="https://meetings.imf.org/en/-/media/amsm/files/sm2025/imfc/united-states.pdf">encontres de printemps du FMI et de la Banque mondiale</a>. Il a reproch&#233; au Fonds d&#8217;avoir perdu de vue &#8220;<em>les probl&#232;mes macro&#233;conomiques fondamentaux qui ont conduit &#224; sa cr&#233;ation.</em>&#8221;</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AU7A!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc44cb2f7-078a-4e3a-bbf8-e00c0554776d_1602x866.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AU7A!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc44cb2f7-078a-4e3a-bbf8-e00c0554776d_1602x866.png 424w, 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c44cb2f7-078a-4e3a-bbf8-e00c0554776d_1602x866.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:787,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:99502,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/189365142?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc44cb2f7-078a-4e3a-bbf8-e00c0554776d_1602x866.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Le FMI est vu par Washington comme l&#8217;un des instruments de l&#8217;influence am&#233;ricaine. Aussi la dynamique &#224; l&#8217;&#339;uvre n&#8217;est ni celle d&#8217;un retrait ni celle d&#8217;un abandon. Elle correspond davantage &#224; une volont&#233; de red&#233;finition du p&#233;rim&#232;tre du Fonds, &#224; laquelle l&#8217;administration Trump tente de parvenir par un lobbying appuy&#233;, faute de consensus.</p><h3>Un engagement non tenu d&#232;s l&#8217;origine</h3><p>Lanc&#233; en avril 2022, le Fonds pour la r&#233;silience et la durabilit&#233; (RST) vise &#224; transformer le r&#244;le du FMI en &#233;tendant son champ d&#8217;action aux risques macro&#233;conomiques de long terme. Ses piliers reposent sur la fourniture de financements &#224; longue &#233;ch&#233;ance (jusqu&#8217;&#224; 20 ans, contre 3 &#224; 5 ans pour les financements traditionnels du FMI) pour aider les pays pauvres et les nations &#224; revenu interm&#233;diaire &#224; renforcer leur r&#233;silience face au changement climatique et aux futures pand&#233;mies. Le RST est aliment&#233; par le &#8220;recyclage&#8221; des Droits de Tirage Sp&#233;ciaux (DTS) exc&#233;dentaires, issus de l&#8217;allocation g&#233;n&#233;rale de 456 milliards de DTS effectu&#233;e en ao&#251;t 2021 pour aider l&#8217;&#233;conomie mondiale &#224; r&#233;cup&#233;rer de la pand&#233;mie. L&#8217;objectif de capitalisation, fix&#233; &#224; 33 milliards de DTS, a &#233;t&#233; atteint. Gr&#226;ce aux contributions de la Chine, de l&#8217;UE et du Japon, le fonds disposait d&#233;but 2026 d&#8217;environ 32 &#224; 35 milliards de DTS, ce qui correspond &#224; l&#8217;objectif de capitalisation fix&#233; lors de sa cr&#233;ation. Les Etats-Unis n&#8217;ont jamais &#233;t&#233; en mesure de respecter leur engagement &#224; transf&#233;rer 15 milliards de DTS, le Congr&#232;s n&#8217;ayant jamais donn&#233; son accord &#224; l&#8217;op&#233;ration.</p><blockquote><p><strong>&#8220;</strong><em><strong>Nous attendons du FMI qu&#8217;il renforce ses activit&#233;s de surveillance en faisant preuve d&#8217;objectivit&#233; et d&#8217;impartialit&#233;. Ces travaux doivent se recentrer sur la stabilit&#233; macro&#233;conomique et financi&#232;re, au d&#233;triment de domaines &#233;trangers &#224; l&#8217;expertise du Fonds, tels que le climat ou l&#8217;&#233;galit&#233; femme-homme.</strong></em><strong>&#8221; Scott Bessent, secr&#233;taire d&#8217;Etat au Tr&#233;sor US, octobre 2025.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Le Tr&#233;sor US a retir&#233; ce chapitre du <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/266/150s-FY-2026-CBJ.pdf">projet de budget soumis &#224; l&#8217;approbation du Congr&#232;s</a> au mois de mai 2025, ent&#233;rinant le recentrage. Le document ne fait aucune mention au climat ou au RST, contrairement au <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/266/Treasury-International-Programs-FY-2025-CBJ.pdf">rapport de l&#8217;ann&#233;e pr&#233;c&#233;dente</a>.</p><p>La majorit&#233; r&#233;publicaine du Congr&#232;s soutient pleinement cette strat&#233;gie, le RST &#233;tant particuli&#232;rement vis&#233;. &#8220;<em>Si l&#8217;Administration Trump entend mettre un coup d&#8217;arr&#234;t &#224; la d&#233;rive bureaucratique du FMI, elle doit commencer par liquider le Fonds pour la r&#233;silience et la durabilit&#233; et recentrer les efforts sur le fonds de r&#233;duction de la pauvret&#233;</em>,&#8221; <a href="https://financialservices.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=409723">a d&#233;clar&#233; le 7 mai 2025 French Hill,</a> pr&#233;sident de la commission des Services Financiers de la chambre des Repr&#233;sentants, en pr&#233;ambule d&#8217;une <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0133">audition de Scott Bessent</a>.</p><h3>Le verrou des 16,5% : l&#8217;impasse institutionnelle</h3><p>Le CGD (Center for Global Development ) rel&#232;ve un &#8220;<em>essoufflement</em>&#8221; de la dynamique observ&#233;e dans le fonctionnement du RST. &#8220;<em>Malgr&#233; quelques programmes d&#8217;envergure en 2025 ayant mobilis&#233; des montants significatifs, il appara&#238;t peu probable que le solde des ressources de la RSF soit enti&#232;rement engag&#233; d&#8217;ici 2026, sauf &#224; proc&#233;der &#224; des ajustements de ses modalit&#233;s structurelles</em>,&#8221;  <a href="https://www.cgdev.org/blog/reviving-imfs-resilience-and-sustainability-facility-challenges-and-opportunities-ahead">conclut un rapport publi&#233; en octobre 2025</a>.</p><p>Si l&#8217;existence m&#234;me du RST est d&#233;sormais publiquement mise en question par les Etats-Unis, sa gouvernance est questionn&#233;e par d&#8217;autres pays. Les conditions attach&#233;es &#224; l&#8217;octroi de ces financements sont contest&#233;es par la Chine et les pays du G24. Pour acc&#233;der &#224; la facilit&#233;, les pays doivent en effet justifier d&#8217;un programme d&#8217;aide du FMI en cours depuis au moins dix-huit mois.</p><p>Une r&#233;forme, qui suppose de r&#233;unir 85% des droits de vote, appara&#238;t cependant peu probable. Les Etats-Unis disposent de plus de 16% des droits de vote, un privil&#232;ge auxquel ils ne souhaitent pas renoncer et qui leur octroie un droit de veto de fait.</p><p>Une r&#233;forme, qui suppose de r&#233;unir 85% des droits de vote, appara&#238;t cependant peu probable. Les droits de vote dont disposent les Etats-Unis - pr&#232;s de 16,5% - leur octroient un droit de veto de fait.</p><p>Les d&#233;bats devraient n&#233;anmoins se poursuivre en 2026: le FMI doit publier une revue compl&#232;te du dispositif, tandis que <a href="https://ieo.imf.org/en/-/media/ieo/files/evaluations/ongoing/icc-draft-issues-paper.pdf">l&#8217;IEO (Independant Evaluation Office of the IMF) remettra &#233;galement un rapport</a> examinant, notamment, la pertinence de l&#8217;int&#233;gration des enjeux climatiques dans le mandat du Fonds.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/p/le-resilience-and-sustainability-fund-onds-monetaire-internationalf?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/p/le-resilience-and-sustainability-fund-onds-monetaire-internationalf?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Beyond Tariffs: India’s Strategic Pivot in a Fragmented Global Order]]></title><description><![CDATA[By orchestrating a calculated market opening, New Delhi aims to leverage global partnerships to fuel its overarching ambition: long-term industrial sovereignty.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/beyond-tariffs-india-strategic-pivot-sovereignty</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/beyond-tariffs-india-strategic-pivot-sovereignty</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 12 Feb 2026 17:56:11 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dm2x!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dm2x!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dm2x!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dm2x!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dm2x!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dm2x!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dm2x!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png" width="1024" height="359" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:359,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:801407,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/187118212?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dm2x!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dm2x!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dm2x!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dm2x!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>In 2025, the Indian economy faced a dual-front squeeze as it grappled with shifting regulatory barriers in the EU and aggressive tariff hikes in the United States..</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>On the American front, the hike in customs duties - reaching up to 50% in August 2025 - severely hampered key export-oriented segments of the Indian economy. The textile sector, which maintains a 29% revenue exposure to the U.S. and remains the country&#8217;s second-largest employer (accounting for 45 million direct and 60 million indirect jobs), saw export volumes plummet by 25%.</p><p>Simultaneously, Indian steel exports to the EU dropped from $7.4 billion to $5.5 billion between 2023 and 2025 - a 25% contraction. This downturn is largely attributed to industrial players pre-emptively adjusting to the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM): a framework projected to erode corporate margins by 15% to 22% upon full implementation.</p><p>To secure its market access, New Delhi has finalized two major trade agreements in record time.</p><h3><strong>Washington: The Diplomacy of Constraint</strong></h3><p>The deal with the United States came at a high price, requiring significant concessions. The most geopolitically and economically charged of these is the cessation of Russian oil imports. While New Delhi has not officially confirmed this commitment, the pivot is already reflected in the data: <a href="https://economic-research.bnpparibas.com/html/fr-FR/Inde-accords-commerciaux-attirer-investissements-etrangers-04/02/2026,53197">imports of U.S. crude surged by over 70% between September and November 2025</a> (source: BNP Paribas Research).</p><p>Prime Minister Narendra Modi aims to absorb the premium&#8212;estimated at $10&#8211;$12 per barrel at current spot prices&#8212;through a rebound in exports facilitated by the trade deal. He argues the agreement provides a critical regional competitive advantage, bringing India&#8217;s average effective tariff rate down from 35.1% to 15.6%, compared to 19% for Vietnam and 16.2% for Thailand, while Chinese imports remain disadvantaged by a 34% duty.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CzOw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F683906b9-b1a6-4b24-b0cd-286a9853bbed_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CzOw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F683906b9-b1a6-4b24-b0cd-286a9853bbed_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CzOw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F683906b9-b1a6-4b24-b0cd-286a9853bbed_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CzOw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F683906b9-b1a6-4b24-b0cd-286a9853bbed_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CzOw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F683906b9-b1a6-4b24-b0cd-286a9853bbed_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CzOw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F683906b9-b1a6-4b24-b0cd-286a9853bbed_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/683906b9-b1a6-4b24-b0cd-286a9853bbed_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a3965ec4-98d2-4e75-a68d-637c3c43132b_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1387022,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;US-India and EU-India FTA economic and demographic footprint&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/187118212?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa3965ec4-98d2-4e75-a68d-637c3c43132b_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="US-India and EU-India FTA economic and demographic footprint" title="US-India and EU-India FTA economic and demographic footprint" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CzOw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F683906b9-b1a6-4b24-b0cd-286a9853bbed_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CzOw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F683906b9-b1a6-4b24-b0cd-286a9853bbed_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CzOw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F683906b9-b1a6-4b24-b0cd-286a9853bbed_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CzOw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F683906b9-b1a6-4b24-b0cd-286a9853bbed_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">caption...</figcaption></figure></div><p>However, domestic opposition has labeled the move a &#8220;<em>capitulation</em>,&#8221; accusing the Prime Minister of sacrificing strategic autonomy under pressure from the White House. The agricultural sector, which contributes over 16% to GDP and employs 45% of the workforce, fears an influx of cheap American agricultural commodities. The Samyukt Kisan Morcha (SKM) union has called for a day of protest on February 12, 2026. &#8203;&#8203;As of today, the national strike is causing significant logistical bottlenecks across Northern India, as protesters demand binding guarantees that the U.S. trade pact will not undermine domestic Minimum Support Price (MSP) mechanisms.</p><p>Defending the pact, Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal emphasized that the dairy sector remains 100% excluded, maintaining a &#8220;<em>red line</em>&#8220; for New Delhi. He argued this interim pact opens a $30 trillion market to Indian exporters, with strategic sectors like basmati rice, tea, and spices gaining zero or highly preferential access. The final framework of the treaty is expected by mid-March 2026.</p><h3><strong>The EU-India Pact: A Blueprint for Structural Synergy</strong></h3><p>In contrast, the relationship with Brussels is framed as a long-term strategic alignment. Following two decades of negotiations and a decisive acceleration in mid-2025, the agreement signed on January 27, 2026, formalizes a structural complementarity.</p><p>&#8220;<em>India exports labour-intensive, downstream and processing-based goods, while the European Union supplies capital goods, advanced technology and industrial inputs,</em>&#8220; <a href="https://www.gtri.co.in/gtriFlagshipReports">summarizes the Indian think tank Global Trade Research Initiative</a> (GTRI).</p><p>This synergy aims to lower production costs without undermining the domestic industrial base. India plans to phase out or reduce tariffs on 96.6% of EU exports, while the EU will do the same for 99.5% of Indian products. The European Commission anticipates annual tariff savings of $4.7 billion, with exports projected to double by 2032. According to Allianz Research, France and Germany stand as the primary beneficiaries.</p><p>Furthermore, India&#8217;s increased involvement in Horizon Europe, announced February 6, signals that the partnership has evolved beyond mere trade into the co-development of &#8220;frontier&#8221; technologies like green hydrogen and AI, alongside regulatory convergence with the 22 associated nations (see below).</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1HKu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fb1fc3a-51cd-4c3a-ab4f-5288b0d317a1_1524x928.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1HKu!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fb1fc3a-51cd-4c3a-ab4f-5288b0d317a1_1524x928.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1HKu!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fb1fc3a-51cd-4c3a-ab4f-5288b0d317a1_1524x928.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1HKu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fb1fc3a-51cd-4c3a-ab4f-5288b0d317a1_1524x928.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1HKu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fb1fc3a-51cd-4c3a-ab4f-5288b0d317a1_1524x928.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1HKu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fb1fc3a-51cd-4c3a-ab4f-5288b0d317a1_1524x928.png" width="1456" height="887" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1HKu!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fb1fc3a-51cd-4c3a-ab4f-5288b0d317a1_1524x928.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1HKu!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fb1fc3a-51cd-4c3a-ab4f-5288b0d317a1_1524x928.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1HKu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fb1fc3a-51cd-4c3a-ab4f-5288b0d317a1_1524x928.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1HKu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fb1fc3a-51cd-4c3a-ab4f-5288b0d317a1_1524x928.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Horizon Europe is the European Union&#8217;s flagship research and innovation framework programme, backed by a budget of over &#8364;93 billion.</figcaption></figure></div><p>While the EU agreement has not been immune to opposition criticism, it is built on a logic of complementarity that <a href="https://www.gtri.co.in/gtriFlagshipReports">experts at the GTRI</a> describe as <strong>&#8220;</strong><em>economically rational</em>.&#8221; <a href="https://www.kielinstitut.de/publications/the-eu-india-trade-deal-strategic-diversification-in-an-era-of-uncertainty-19443/">According to the Kiel Institute</a>, the treaty is set to boost the GDP of both blocs by 0.12% to 0.13% by 2030. Conversely, IRIS (The French Institute for International and Strategic Affairs) <a href="https://www.iris-france.org/en/euindia-questioning-the-grey-areas-of-the-free-trade-agreement/">takes a more critical stance</a>, highlighting the deal&#8217;s numerous &#8220;<em>grey areas</em>&#8221;.</p><h3><strong>The Carbon Tax: Transforming a Diplomatic Hurdle into Leverage?</strong></h3><p>In this &#8216;<em>next-generation</em>&#8217; agreement, as characterized by a Member of the European Parliament, key red lines remained intact. For the EU, waiving the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)&#8212;which transitioned to its definitive payment phase on January 1, 2026&#8212;was non-negotiable. The levy has been a source of persistent diplomatic strain since 2021, as evidenced by India&#8217;s 29 official protests before the WTO (World Trade Organization).</p><p>However, the final negotiations established a phased rollout. Nearly half of Indian steel exports will retain customs duty exemptions while beginning their incremental alignment with the CBAM framework. Furthermore, the EU will invest &#8364;500 million in 2026&#8211;2027 to support the decarbonization of the Indian steel industry, facilitating the transition from coal to low-carbon technologies.</p><p>Crucially, New Delhi secured the activation of Article 9 of the EU regulation. By recognizing the equivalence between India&#8217;s Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) and the EU&#8217;s Emissions Trading System (ETS), India will retain carbon tax revenues domestically to finance its energy transition.</p><h3><strong>US-India: A Regime of Reversible Favors</strong></h3><p>Economic research institutes broadly agree: the Washington-New Delhi pact follows a logic of short-termism. Designed primarily to reduce the U.S. trade deficit, the deal focuses on immediate market openings and serves largely as &#8220;damage control&#8221; following the 2025 tariff wars.</p><p>India has pledged to double its imports of American goods over five years&#8212;from $43 billion to $100 billion&#8212;a target many analysts regard as overly ambitious. This outlook is further clouded by a reversibility clause, which maintains a climate of chronic uncertainty for Indian firms.</p><p>&#8220;<em>The U.S.-India agreement, at least at this point, contains some elastic words that will allow India to do less than Trump says it promised, although that will prompt more threats and bullying</em>,&#8221; <a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/us-india-and-eu-india-trade-agreements-who-won">anticipates the CSIS</a> (Center for Strategic &amp; International Studies).</p><blockquote><p><em>&#8220;The Greenland episode offers a clear lesson to India: trade deals with the U.S. are not a shield against coercion. Tariffs and sanctions can be reimposed regardless of agreements.&#8221; </em>GTRI, January 2026.</p></blockquote><p>The vulnerability of this bilateral relationship was highlighted on February 9, when the Indian textile industry discovered <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/2026/02/joint-statement-on-framework-for-united-states-bangladesh-agreement-on-reciprocal-trade/">a preferential advantage granted to Bangladesh</a>. &#8220;<em>Bangladeshi garment exporters using US cotton can ship qualifying products to the US at zero tariff, while the broader tariff on Bangladeshi exports stands at 19 per cent. India has secured no such carve-out</em>,&#8221; as highlighted by the Indian daily <em>BusinessLine</em>.</p><p>This setback underscores the inherent fragility of a relationship where Washington dispenses favors on an ad hoc basis to serve its own interests, all while strictly enforcing &#8216;Buy American&#8217; mandates. As of 2026, the liberalization of the Indian market is well underway, but preserving economic sovereignty remains a high-stakes balancing act.</p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Commerce : Comment New Delhi orchestre son ouverture]]></title><description><![CDATA[Avec deux accords d&#8217;ampleur syst&#233;mique, l&#8217;Inde confirme son r&#244;le de puissance pivot et amorce une ouverture de son march&#233; pour servir son ambition de souverainet&#233; industrielle.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/commerce-inde-orchestre-ouverture-commerce-marche</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/commerce-inde-orchestre-ouverture-commerce-marche</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 12 Feb 2026 05:26:53 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P3NM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb564a932-2510-4cf1-b634-9753e519dc72_1024x359.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P3NM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb564a932-2510-4cf1-b634-9753e519dc72_1024x359.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P3NM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb564a932-2510-4cf1-b634-9753e519dc72_1024x359.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P3NM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb564a932-2510-4cf1-b634-9753e519dc72_1024x359.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P3NM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb564a932-2510-4cf1-b634-9753e519dc72_1024x359.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P3NM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb564a932-2510-4cf1-b634-9753e519dc72_1024x359.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>En 2025, l&#8217;&#233;conomie indienne s&#8217;est retrouv&#233;e prise en &#233;tau entre ses deux partenaires majeurs : l&#8217;Union europ&#233;enne et les &#201;tats-Unis.</p><p>C&#244;t&#233; am&#233;ricain, l&#8217;alourdissement de la fiscalit&#233; douani&#232;re jusqu&#8217;&#224; 50%, en ao&#251;t 2025, a affect&#233; des pans entiers de l&#8217;&#233;conomie indienne. Le secteur textile, qui d&#233;pend &#224; 29% des Etats-Unis pour ses exportations (2e pilier de l&#8217;&#233;conomie apr&#232;s l&#8217;agriculture, il repr&#233;sente environ 45 millions d&#8217;emplois directs et 60 millions d&#8217;emplois indirects), a vu celles-ci chuter de 25%.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Du c&#244;t&#233; de l&#8217;Union europ&#233;enne, les exportations indiennes d&#8217;acier sont pass&#233;es de 7,4 &#224; 5,5 milliards de dollars entre 2023 et 2025, soit une baisse de 25%. Ce recul s&#8217;explique par l&#8217;anticipation des industriels face au M&#233;canisme d&#8217;ajustement carbone aux fronti&#232;res (MACF) : ce dispositif devrait amputer leurs marges de 15 % &#224; 22 % d&#232;s son entr&#233;e en vigueur effective.</p><p>L&#8217;Inde a scell&#233; ces deux trait&#233;s en un temps record pour s&#233;curiser ses d&#233;bouch&#233;s.</p><h3><strong>Washington : La diplomatie de la contrainte</strong></h3><p>Avec les Etats-Unis, l&#8217;Inde a d&#251; faire de nombreuses concessions; l&#8217;arr&#234;t des importations de p&#233;trole russe est l&#8217;une des plus significatives, &#233;conomiquement et diplomatiquement. Si New Delhi n&#8217;a pas confirm&#233; cet engagement, en revanche la baisse des importations russes est d&#233;j&#224; amorc&#233;e au b&#233;n&#233;fice du p&#233;trole am&#233;ricain, <a href="https://economic-research.bnpparibas.com/html/fr-FR/Inde-accords-commerciaux-attirer-investissements-etrangers-04/02/2026,53197">dont les importations ont bondi de plus de 70%</a> entre septembre et novembre 2025 (source: recherche BNP Paribas).</p><p>Narendra Modi esp&#232;re absorber le surco&#251;t - estim&#233; &#224; environ 10 &#224; 12 dollars par baril aux tarifs actuels - par une reprise des exportations, &#224; la faveur d&#8217;un accord qui, estime-t-il, lui assure un avantage comp&#233;titif r&#233;gional.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dDm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1270226a-1a98-4c28-8a38-84354749bbf5_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dDm!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1270226a-1a98-4c28-8a38-84354749bbf5_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dDm!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1270226a-1a98-4c28-8a38-84354749bbf5_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dDm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1270226a-1a98-4c28-8a38-84354749bbf5_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dDm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1270226a-1a98-4c28-8a38-84354749bbf5_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dDm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1270226a-1a98-4c28-8a38-84354749bbf5_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1270226a-1a98-4c28-8a38-84354749bbf5_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/416dfb3f-854d-469a-a617-bff2bbb0188b_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1108239,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Comparaison du poids &#233;conomique et d&#233;mograghique des deux blocs&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/187117181?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F416dfb3f-854d-469a-a617-bff2bbb0188b_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Comparaison du poids &#233;conomique et d&#233;mograghique des deux blocs" title="Comparaison du poids &#233;conomique et d&#233;mograghique des deux blocs" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dDm!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1270226a-1a98-4c28-8a38-84354749bbf5_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dDm!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1270226a-1a98-4c28-8a38-84354749bbf5_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dDm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1270226a-1a98-4c28-8a38-84354749bbf5_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dDm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1270226a-1a98-4c28-8a38-84354749bbf5_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">En termes de capital humain, les deux blocs sont au coude-&#224;-coude.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Le trait&#233; ram&#232;ne le taux effectif moyen de 35,1 % &#224; 15,6 %, contre respectivement 19% et 16,2% pour le Vietnam et la Tha&#239;lande. Les importations chinoises restent tax&#233;es &#224; 34%.</p><p>Dans les rangs de l&#8217;opposition, le Premier ministre est accus&#233; de &#8220;<em>capitulation</em>&#8221; et d&#8217;avoir sacrifi&#233; l&#8217;autonomie strat&#233;gique du pays sous la pression du pr&#233;sident am&#233;ricain.</p><p>Le monde agricole, qui repr&#233;sente plus de 16% du PIB et emploie 45% de la population active, est en col&#232;re, craignant une invasion de produits am&#233;ricains bon march&#233;. Le syndicat Samyut Kisan Morcha (SKM), fer de lance des manifestations paysannes de 2021, a appel&#233; &#224; une journ&#233;e de gr&#232;ve nationale et de protestation le 12 f&#233;vrier 2026.</p><p>Face &#224; l&#8217;opposition, le ministre de l&#8217;&#201;conomie et de l&#8217;Industrie, Piyush Goyal, mart&#232;le que le secteur laitier reste exclu &#224; 100 %, pr&#233;servant ainsi une &#8220;ligne rouge&#8221; absolue pour New Delhi. Pour faire taire les d&#233;tracteurs qui crient &#224; la capitulation face &#224; Washington, il souligne que ce pacte int&#233;rimaire ouvre un march&#233; colossal de 30 000 milliards de dollars aux exportateurs indiens. Des secteurs strat&#233;giques comme le riz basmati, le th&#233; ou les &#233;pices b&#233;n&#233;ficient d&#233;sormais d&#8217;un acc&#232;s &#224; taux z&#233;ro ou fortement r&#233;duit. Les contours d&#233;finitifs de ce trait&#233;, dont la signature est attendue pour la mi-mars 2026, devraient lever les derni&#232;res zones d&#8217;ombre.</p><h3><strong>Union Europ&#233;enne : Le choix du partenariat structurel</strong></h3><p>A l&#8217;inverse, la relation avec Bruxelles s&#8217;inscrit dans une temporalit&#233; longue. Apr&#232;s vingt ans de n&#233;gociations et une acc&#233;l&#233;ration d&#233;cisive &#224; l&#8217;&#233;t&#233; 2025, l&#8217;accord conclu le 27 janvier dernier vient sceller une compl&#233;mentarit&#233; structurelle. &#8220;<em>L&#8217;Inde exporte des biens &#224; forte intensit&#233; de main-d&#8217;&#339;uvre (...) tandis que l&#8217;Union europ&#233;enne fournit des biens d&#8217;&#233;quipement, des technologies de pointe et des intrants industriels</em>,&#8221; r&#233;sume le think tank indien GTRI (Global Trade Research Initiative). Cette synergie, qui devrait permettre d&#8217;abaisser les co&#251;ts de production sans menacer le tissu industriel local, explique et justifie le p&#233;rim&#232;tre &#233;tendu de l&#8217;accord.</p><p>L&#8217;Inde pr&#233;voit de supprimer ou r&#233;duire ses barri&#232;res douani&#232;res sur 96,6 % des exportations europ&#233;ennes, tandis que l&#8217;UE fera de m&#234;me pour 99,5 % des produits indiens. La Commission europ&#233;enne pr&#233;voit une &#233;conomie annuelle de 4,7 milliards de dollars sur les droits de douane, avec des exportations susceptibles de doubler d&#8217;ici 2032. L&#8217;Allemagne et la France en seraient les principaux b&#233;n&#233;ficiaires, selon la recherche d&#8217;Allianz.</p><p>En parall&#232;le de cet accord, l&#8217;implication croissante de l&#8217;Inde au sein d&#8217;Horizon Europe, annonc&#233;e le 6 f&#233;vrier, montre que le partenariat d&#233;passe d&#233;sormais le simple flux de marchandises pour s&#8217;&#233;tendre &#224; la co-conception de technologies de pointe telles que l&#8217;hydrog&#232;ne vert ou l&#8217;intelligence artificielle, tout en oeuvrant &#224; une convergence normative aux c&#244;t&#233;s des &#201;tats membres et des 22 nations associ&#233;es au programme (voir carte).</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XIPM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fe61e7e-0e8f-4f41-b424-1f46f6d9d510_1537x902.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XIPM!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fe61e7e-0e8f-4f41-b424-1f46f6d9d510_1537x902.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XIPM!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fe61e7e-0e8f-4f41-b424-1f46f6d9d510_1537x902.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XIPM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fe61e7e-0e8f-4f41-b424-1f46f6d9d510_1537x902.png 1272w, 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1fe61e7e-0e8f-4f41-b424-1f46f6d9d510_1537x902.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8cbde125-7409-4320-b888-27f4abfba6a5_1537x902.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:902,&quot;width&quot;:1537,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:543692,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/187117181?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F698148aa-d38e-4706-9ca3-60404e961ca8_1600x1508.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XIPM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fe61e7e-0e8f-4f41-b424-1f46f6d9d510_1537x902.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XIPM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fe61e7e-0e8f-4f41-b424-1f46f6d9d510_1537x902.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XIPM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fe61e7e-0e8f-4f41-b424-1f46f6d9d510_1537x902.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XIPM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fe61e7e-0e8f-4f41-b424-1f46f6d9d510_1537x902.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Horizon Europe est un programme-cadre de l&#8217;Union europ&#233;enne, qui rassemble 22 pays hors UE, et dot&#233; de plus de 93 milliards d&#8217;euros.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Si l&#8217;accord avec l&#8217;UE n&#8217;a pas &#233;chapp&#233; aux critiques de l&#8217;opposition, il repose sur une logique de compl&#233;mentarit&#233; que <a href="https://www.gtri.co.in/gtriFlagshipReports">les experts du think tank indien GTRI</a> (Global Trade and Research Initiative) jugent &#8220;<em>&#233;conomiquement rationnelle</em>&#8220;. <a href="https://www.kielinstitut.de/publications/the-eu-india-trade-deal-strategic-diversification-in-an-era-of-uncertainty-19443/">Selon l&#8217;institut Kiel</a>, ce trait&#233; est de nature &#224; doper le PIB des deux blocs de 0,12 % &#224; 0,13 % d&#8217;ici 2030. L&#8217;IRIS (Institut de Relations Internationales et Strat&#233;giques), plus critique, <a href="https://www.iris-france.org/en/euindia-questioning-the-grey-areas-of-the-free-trade-agreement/">pointe les  nombreuses &#8220;</a><em><a href="https://www.iris-france.org/en/euindia-questioning-the-grey-areas-of-the-free-trade-agreement/">zones grises</a></em><a href="https://www.iris-france.org/en/euindia-questioning-the-grey-areas-of-the-free-trade-agreement/">&#8221;</a> de cet accord.</p><h3><strong>La taxe carbone : un &#233;cueil diplomatique transform&#233; en levier ?</strong></h3><p>Dans cet accord &#8220;<em>de nouvelle g&#233;n&#233;ration</em>&#8221;, ainsi que le pr&#233;sente une parlementaire europ&#233;enne, les lignes rouges ont &#233;t&#233; respect&#233;es. Dans le cas de l&#8217;UE, il &#233;tait exclu de renoncer au M&#233;canisme d&#8217;ajustement carbone aux fronti&#232;res (MACF) - pass&#233; &#224; sa phase de paiement effectif le 1er janvier 2026.</p><p>Ce dispositif envenime les relations indo-europ&#233;ennes depuis son annonce initiale en 2021, l&#8217;Inde ayant d&#233;pos&#233; pas moins de 29 protestations officielles devant l&#8217;OMC.</p><p>Ce point demeure au c&#339;ur des ultimes arbitrages, mais Bruxelles a d&#8217;ores et d&#233;j&#224; consenti &#224; une mise en &#339;uvre graduelle. Ainsi, pr&#232;s de la moiti&#233; des exportations d&#8217;acier b&#233;n&#233;ficiera d&#8217;une exemption des tarifs douaniers traditionnels, tout en commen&#231;ant son assujettissement progressif au MACF. L&#8217;UE investira &#233;galement 500 millions d&#8217;euros en 2026 et 2027 pour soutenir la d&#233;carbonation de la sid&#233;rurgie indienne, facilitant ainsi son passage du charbon vers des technologies bas-carbone plus compatibles avec les exigences du march&#233; europ&#233;en.</p><p>New Delhi a &#233;galement obtenu l&#8217;activation de l&#8217;Article 9 du r&#232;glement europ&#233;en. Par la reconnaissance de l&#8217;&#233;quivalence entre le march&#233; carbone indien (CCTS) et le syst&#232;me communautaire, l&#8217;Inde pourra conserver le produit de la fiscalit&#233; carbone sur son sol pour financer sa propre transition &#233;nerg&#233;tique.</p><p>Enfin, le texte pr&#233;voit un m&#233;canisme de rattrapage : si l&#8217;UE devait accorder des concessions sup&#233;rieures &#224; un autre pays tiers &#224; l&#8217;avenir, l&#8217;Inde en deviendrait automatiquement b&#233;n&#233;ficiaire, s&#233;curisant ainsi son avantage comp&#233;titif sur le long terme.</p><h3><strong>USA-Inde : Un r&#233;gime de faveurs r&#233;versibles</strong></h3><p>En Europe, en Inde comme aux &#201;tats-Unis, les instituts de recherche convergent vers le m&#234;me constat : le pacte Washington-New Delhi r&#233;pond &#224; une logique de court terme. Principalement favorable aux int&#233;r&#234;ts am&#233;ricains, il vise &#224; r&#233;duire le d&#233;ficit commercial des &#201;tats-Unis et &#224; leur ouvrir des d&#233;bouch&#233;s imm&#233;diats. Surtout, il ne fait que limiter une perte de richesse d&#233;j&#224; act&#233;e par la guerre tarifaire de 2025.</p><p>Outre l&#8217;arr&#234;t des achats d&#8217;hydrocarbures russes, l&#8217;Inde s&#8217;est engag&#233;e &#224; doubler ses importations de produits am&#233;ricains en cinq ans, passant de 43 &#224; 100 milliards de dollars &#8212; un bond colossal dont la faisabilit&#233; interroge. Cet horizon est d&#8217;autant plus pr&#233;caire que le texte inclut une clause de r&#233;versibilit&#233;, maintenant les entreprises indiennes dans un climat d&#8217;incertitude chronique. &#8220;<em>L&#8217;accord USA-Inde contient, &#224; ce stade, des termes ambigus qui permettront &#224; l&#8217;Inde d&#8217;en faire moins que ce que Donald Trump pr&#233;tend avoir obtenu &#8212; ce qui ne manquera pas de provoquer, en retour, de nouvelles menaces et pressions</em>,&#8221; <a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/us-india-and-eu-india-trade-agreements-who-won">anticipe le CSIS</a> (Center for Strategic &amp; International Studies).</p><blockquote><p>&#8220;<em>L&#8217;&#233;pisode du Groenland offre une le&#231;on claire &#224; l&#8217;Inde : les accords commerciaux avec les &#201;tats-Unis ne constituent pas un bouclier contre la coercition. Les droits de douane et les sanctions peuvent &#234;tre r&#233;impos&#233;s ind&#233;pendamment des accords sign&#233;s.</em>&#8221; GTRI, 16 janvier 2026.</p></blockquote><p>Le r&#233;veil a d&#8217;ailleurs &#233;t&#233; brutal pour la fili&#232;re textile. &#192; peine rassur&#233;e par l&#8217;all&#233;gement tarifaire, elle d&#233;couvrait <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/2026/02/joint-statement-on-framework-for-united-states-bangladesh-agreement-on-reciprocal-trade/">le 9 f&#233;vrier l&#8217;avantage pr&#233;f&#233;rentiel accord&#233; au voisin bangladais</a>. &#8220;<em>Les exportateurs de v&#234;tements bangladais utilisant du coton am&#233;ricain peuvent d&#233;sormais exp&#233;dier leurs produits certifi&#233;s vers les &#201;tats-Unis avec des droits de douane nuls (0 %), alors que le tarif global sur les exportations bangladaises s&#8217;&#233;l&#232;ve &#224; 19 %. L&#8217;Inde n&#8217;a obtenu aucune d&#233;rogation de ce type</em>&#8221;, souligne le quotidien indien BusinessLine.</p><p>Ce revers illustre la fragilit&#233; d&#8217;une relation o&#249; Washington distille ses faveurs au gr&#233; de ses int&#233;r&#234;ts, tout en imposant l&#8217;exigence du <em>Buy American</em>.</p><p>En 2026, l&#8217;ouverture du march&#233; indien est lanc&#233;e, mais la pr&#233;servation de sa souverainet&#233; reste un exercice d&#8217;&#233;quilibriste.</p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Carbon Markets: States Resist Federal Overreach]]></title><description><![CDATA[Survival of the price: How carbon pricing is navigating federal sabotage and a protectionist pivot, regardless of &#8220;climate hoax&#8221; claims.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/carbon-markets-states-resist-federal-overreach</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/carbon-markets-states-resist-federal-overreach</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 23 Jan 2026 18:50:35 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_oH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_oH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_oH!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_oH!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_oH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_oH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_oH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2049858,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/185538723?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_oH!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_oH!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_oH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_oH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>In the United States, the withdrawal from the Paris Agreement&#8212;formalized on January 20, 2025, and effective as of January 27, 2026&#8212;was merely the opening act of a systematic dismantling of federal and local climate frameworks.</p><p>Our <a href="https://www.transitions.news/p/ai-ideology-usa-energy-policy-wind-solar-nuclear-grid?r=4qi2zc">previous edition of </a><em><a href="https://www.transitions.news/p/ai-ideology-usa-energy-policy-wind-solar-nuclear-grid?r=4qi2zc">Transitions</a></em> explored federal energy policy and its potential failure to keep pace with surging electricity demand. Washington is also targeting local carbon markets.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>The tone was set by the <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/04/protecting-american-energy-from-state-overreach/">Presidential Executive Order of April 8, 2025</a> (&#8220;<em>Protecting American Energy From State Overreach</em>&#8221;). The text explicitly denounces California&#8217;s &#8220;<em>radical requirements</em>&#8221; and directs the Attorney General to identify all local policies imposing &#8220;<em>carbon penalties or taxes</em>.&#8221; Under the leadership of the Department of Justice (DoJ), <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/06/climate/trump-climate-change-state-lawsuits.html?searchResultPosition=1">a &#8220;</a><em><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/06/climate/trump-climate-change-state-lawsuits.html?searchResultPosition=1">flood the zone</a></em><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/06/climate/trump-climate-change-state-lawsuits.html?searchResultPosition=1">&#8221; approach</a> is underway to paralyze state-level climate initiatives.</p><p><strong>Emission Data: A Strategy of Blindness</strong></p><p>A major turning point occurred on September 12, 2025, when the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed <a href="https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-releases-proposal-end-burdensome-costly-greenhouse-gas-reporting-program-saving-24">terminating the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP)</a>. This program, which centralizes and standardizes emission data from over 8,000 industrial facilities, serves as the indispensable data backbone for carbon market operations.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Active carbon markets in the US in 2026&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Active carbon markets in the US in 2026" title="Active carbon markets in the US in 2026" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Eleven states are members of the RGGI (Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative), established in 2005.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Faced with the risk of technical collapse&#8212;legal proceedings are currently under review&#8212;contingency plans are being deployed. The State of New York responded as early as December 1, 2025, <a href="https://dec.ny.gov/environmental-protection/air-quality/mandatory-greenhouse-gas-reporting">by establishing its own reporting system</a>. Both Washington State and New York are currently developing digital infrastructures to replace the EPA&#8217;s tools.</p><p><strong>RGGI Buffeted by Local Political Volatility</strong></p><p>Carbon markets are increasingly caught in the political crossfire. In Pennsylvania, Democratic Governor Josh Shapiro was forced to resolve his state&#8217;s exit from the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) in November 2025 to unblock the 2025-2026 budget, following 135 days of Republican obstruction. &#8220;I<em>t&#8217;s time to look forward &#8211; and I&#8217;m going to be aggressive about pushing for policies that create more jobs in the energy sector, bring more clean energy onto the grid, and reduce the cost of energy for Pennsylvanians</em>,&#8221; he stated.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C27z!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F249e50da-23c1-466a-aea8-eb716d43e72d_1550x870.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C27z!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F249e50da-23c1-466a-aea8-eb716d43e72d_1550x870.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C27z!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F249e50da-23c1-466a-aea8-eb716d43e72d_1550x870.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C27z!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F249e50da-23c1-466a-aea8-eb716d43e72d_1550x870.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C27z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F249e50da-23c1-466a-aea8-eb716d43e72d_1550x870.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C27z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F249e50da-23c1-466a-aea8-eb716d43e72d_1550x870.png" width="1456" height="817" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/249e50da-23c1-466a-aea8-eb716d43e72d_1550x870.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:817,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:170444,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;US Carbon Credit Prices as of January 22, 2026&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/185538723?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F249e50da-23c1-466a-aea8-eb716d43e72d_1550x870.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="US Carbon Credit Prices as of January 22, 2026" title="US Carbon Credit Prices as of January 22, 2026" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C27z!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F249e50da-23c1-466a-aea8-eb716d43e72d_1550x870.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C27z!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F249e50da-23c1-466a-aea8-eb716d43e72d_1550x870.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C27z!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F249e50da-23c1-466a-aea8-eb716d43e72d_1550x870.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C27z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F249e50da-23c1-466a-aea8-eb716d43e72d_1550x870.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Conversely, in Virginia, newly inaugurated Governor Abigail Spanbergermade rejoining RGGI her first official act upon taking office. &#8220;<em>RGGI generated hundreds of millions of dollars for Virginia &#8212; dollars that went directly to flood mitigation, energy efficiency programs, and lowering bills for families who need help most.  Withdrawing from RGGI did not lower energy costs. In fact, the opposite happened &#8212; it just took money out of Virginia&#8217;s pocket. It is time to fix that mistake</em>,&#8221; <a href="https://www.governor.virginia.gov/newsroom/news-releases/2026/january-releases/name-1111414-en.html">she declared on January 19, 2026</a>. The state had previously withdrawn from the market at the end of 2023.</p><p><strong>Toward a &#8220;Made in GOP&#8221; Carbon Tax?</strong></p><p>The current administration&#8217;s policy is not without its contradictions. On one hand, the Department of the Interior (DoI) is multiplying hurdles for wind projects <a href="https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/department-interior-curbs-preferential-treatment-wind-energy">invoking wildlife conservation concerns</a> to impede progress.</p><p>On the other, a faction of Senate Republicans is not ruling out crossing the carbon tax Rubicon&#8212;for protectionist reasons. Two bills&#8212;the <a href="https://bipartisanpolicy.org/explainer/understanding-the-foreign-pollution-fee-act-of-2025/">bipartisan</a> <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/1325/text">Foreign Pollution Fee Act (FPFA)</a> and the Democratic-led <a href="https://www.epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?a=files.serve&amp;File_id=5C7EA0CD-529D-4532-B681-E583F814A2AD">Clean Competition Act (CCA)</a>, first introduced in 2023&#8212;could be placed on the legislative agenda if the <a href="https://www.scotusblog.com/cases/case-files/learning-resources-inc-v-trump/">Supreme Court limits presidential authority over discretionary tariffs</a>.</p><p>&#8220;<em>Despite purporting to address this problem, the Trump Administration&#8217;s illegal IEEPA tariffs have created economic chaos and worsened many of the underlying dynamics.  Congress should set fairer, more predictable trade rules that support a race to the top for global decarbonization</em>,&#8221; the CCA&#8217;s policy brief states.</p><p>Paradoxically, while the Trump administration&#8217;s rhetoric dismisses climate change as a &#8220;<em>hoax&#8221;</em>, it remains a strategic lever. The current dismantling of local carbon markets does not preclude an opportunistic federal pricing scheme, provided it serves to legitimize tariffs and anchor <a href="https://budgetmodel.wharton.upenn.edu/issues/2026/1/15/effective-tariff-rates-and-revenues-updated-january-15-2026">projected budget revenues</a>.</p><p></p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Marchés carbone : les Etats face au rouleau compresseur fédéral]]></title><description><![CDATA[Entre les tentatives de d&#233;mant&#232;lement f&#233;d&#233;ral et l'opportunisme protectionniste, la tarification du carbone survit au &#171; hoax &#187; climatique.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/offensive-washington-carbone-federalisme</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/offensive-washington-carbone-federalisme</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 23 Jan 2026 15:08:58 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gGs4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F75a3347b-4adf-412a-a1d2-b5eef4779a8b_1376x768.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gGs4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F75a3347b-4adf-412a-a1d2-b5eef4779a8b_1376x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gGs4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F75a3347b-4adf-412a-a1d2-b5eef4779a8b_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gGs4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F75a3347b-4adf-412a-a1d2-b5eef4779a8b_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gGs4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F75a3347b-4adf-412a-a1d2-b5eef4779a8b_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gGs4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F75a3347b-4adf-412a-a1d2-b5eef4779a8b_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gGs4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F75a3347b-4adf-412a-a1d2-b5eef4779a8b_1376x768.png" width="1376" height="768" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gGs4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F75a3347b-4adf-412a-a1d2-b5eef4779a8b_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gGs4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F75a3347b-4adf-412a-a1d2-b5eef4779a8b_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gGs4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F75a3347b-4adf-412a-a1d2-b5eef4779a8b_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gGs4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F75a3347b-4adf-412a-a1d2-b5eef4779a8b_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Aux &#201;tats-Unis, la sortie de l&#8217;Accord de Paris, act&#233;e le 20 janvier 2025 et effective &#224; partir du 27 janvier 2026, n&#8217;a &#233;t&#233; que le premier acte d&#8217;un d&#233;mant&#232;lement syst&#233;matique des dispositifs f&#233;d&#233;raux et locaux de lutte contre le changement climatique.</p><p>La <a href="https://www.transitions.news/p/ia-vs-ideologie-energie-usa?r=4qi2zc">pr&#233;c&#233;dente publication de Transitions</a> traitait de la politique f&#233;d&#233;rale de l&#8217;&#233;nergie, et de sa potentielle incapacit&#233; &#224; r&#233;pondre &#224; l&#8217;augmentation de la demande en &#233;lectricit&#233;. Les march&#233;s locaux d&#8217;&#233;changes de cr&#233;dits carbone sont &#233;galement dans le viseur de Washington.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Le <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/04/protecting-american-energy-from-state-overreach/">d&#233;cret pr&#233;sidentiel du 8 avril 2025</a> (&#8220;Protecting American Energy From State Overreach&#8221;) a donn&#233; le ton. Le texte d&#233;nonce explicitement les &#8220;<em>exigences radicales de la Californie</em>&#8221; et ordonne au Procureur G&#233;n&#233;ral d'identifier toutes les politiques locales imposant des &#8220;<em>p&#233;nalit&#233;s ou taxes carbone</em>.&#8221;</p><p>Sous la houlette du DoJ (Department of Justice), une <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/06/climate/trump-climate-change-state-lawsuits.html?searchResultPosition=1">strat&#233;gie de &#8220;</a><em><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/06/climate/trump-climate-change-state-lawsuits.html?searchResultPosition=1">saturation juridique</a></em><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/06/climate/trump-climate-change-state-lawsuits.html?searchResultPosition=1">&#8221;</a> est &#224; l'&#339;uvre pour paralyser les initiatives climatiques des &#201;tats.</p><h3>Donn&#233;es d'&#233;missions : la strat&#233;gie de l'aveuglement</h3><p>Un tournant majeur a &#233;t&#233; pris le 12 septembre 2025, lorsque l&#8217;EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) <a href="https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-releases-proposal-end-burdensome-costly-greenhouse-gas-reporting-program-saving-24">a propos&#233; de mettre fin au Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP)</a>. Ce programme, qui centralise les donn&#233;es d'&#233;missions de plus de 8 000 installations industrielles, et en garantit la standardisation, est le socle technique indispensable au fonctionnement des march&#233;s carbone.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/683cbd1e-38d0-458f-b0eb-33f6383d6271_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1092752,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;March&#233;s de cr&#233;dit carbone actifs aux Etats-Unis en 2026&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/185523981?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F683cbd1e-38d0-458f-b0eb-33f6383d6271_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="March&#233;s de cr&#233;dit carbone actifs aux Etats-Unis en 2026" title="March&#233;s de cr&#233;dit carbone actifs aux Etats-Unis en 2026" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">11 Etats sont membres de la RGGI (Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative), cr&#233;&#233;e en 2005</figcaption></figure></div><p>Face &#224; ce risque d'effondrement technique - des recours ont &#233;t&#233; form&#233;s et sont en cours d&#8217;examen -, la r&#233;sistance s&#8217;organise : ainsi l&#8217;Etat de New York a r&#233;agi d&#232;s le 1er d&#233;cembre 2025 en instaurant <a href="https://dec.ny.gov/environmental-protection/air-quality/mandatory-greenhouse-gas-reporting">son propre syst&#232;me de d&#233;claration</a>. Washington comme New York d&#233;veloppent actuellement une infrastructure num&#233;rique pour remplacer les outils de l&#8217;EPA.</p><h3>La RGGI subit les al&#233;as politiques locaux</h3><p>Les march&#233;s du carbone s&#8217;invitent eux aussi dans le d&#233;bat politique. En Pennsylvanie, le gouverneur d&#233;mocrate Josh Shapiro a d&#251; se r&#233;soudre &#224; quitter la RGGI (Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative) en novembre 2025 pour d&#233;bloquer son budget 2025-2026, au terme de 135 jours d&#8217;obstruction r&#233;publicaine. &#8220;<em>Il est temps de regarder vers l&#8217;avenir - et je serai d&#233;termin&#233; &#224; d&#233;fendre des politiques ambitieuses qui cr&#233;ent des emplois dans le secteur de l&#8217;&#233;nergie, acc&#233;l&#232;rent l&#8217;int&#233;gration des &#233;nergies propres dans le r&#233;seau et font baisser le co&#251;t de l&#8217;&#233;nergie pour les habitants de Pennsylvanie</em>,&#8221; a-t-il d&#233;clar&#233;.</p><p>&#192; l&#8217;inverse, en Virginie, la nouvelle gouverneure Abigail Spanberger a fait du retour dans la RGGI son premier acte symbolique lors de sa prise de fonctions. &#8220;<em>Le RGGI a g&#233;n&#233;r&#233; des centaines de millions de dollars pour la Virginie &#8212; des ressources qui ont &#233;t&#233; directement investies dans la pr&#233;vention des inondations, les programmes d&#8217;efficacit&#233; &#233;nerg&#233;tique et la baisse des factures pour les familles qui en ont le plus besoin. Se retirer du RGGI n&#8217;a en rien fait baisser le co&#251;t de l&#8217;&#233;nergie. Bien au contraire : cette d&#233;cision a priv&#233; la Virginie de ressources pr&#233;cieuses. Il est temps de corriger cette erreur,</em>&#8221; <a href="https://www.governor.virginia.gov/newsroom/news-releases/2026/january-releases/name-1111414-en.html">a-t-elle d&#233;clar&#233; le 19 janvier 2026</a>. L&#8217;&#201;tat s&#8217;&#233;tait retir&#233; du march&#233; fin 2023.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2bkk!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc33f4a7d-407e-489c-b896-75d64a7fb73b_1556x906.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2bkk!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc33f4a7d-407e-489c-b896-75d64a7fb73b_1556x906.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2bkk!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc33f4a7d-407e-489c-b896-75d64a7fb73b_1556x906.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2bkk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc33f4a7d-407e-489c-b896-75d64a7fb73b_1556x906.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2bkk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc33f4a7d-407e-489c-b896-75d64a7fb73b_1556x906.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2bkk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc33f4a7d-407e-489c-b896-75d64a7fb73b_1556x906.png" width="1456" height="848" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c33f4a7d-407e-489c-b896-75d64a7fb73b_1556x906.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:848,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:172275,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/185523981?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc33f4a7d-407e-489c-b896-75d64a7fb73b_1556x906.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2bkk!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc33f4a7d-407e-489c-b896-75d64a7fb73b_1556x906.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2bkk!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc33f4a7d-407e-489c-b896-75d64a7fb73b_1556x906.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2bkk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc33f4a7d-407e-489c-b896-75d64a7fb73b_1556x906.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2bkk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc33f4a7d-407e-489c-b896-75d64a7fb73b_1556x906.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3><strong>Vers une taxe carbone "Made in GOP" ?</strong></h3><p>La politique de l&#8217;administration actuelle n&#8217;est pas exempte de contradictions. D'un c&#244;t&#233;, le Department of the Interior (DoI) multiplie les obstacles aux projets &#233;oliens <a href="https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/department-interior-curbs-preferential-treatment-wind-energy">sous couvert de protection de la faune migratoire</a>.</p><p>De l&#8217;autre, une partie du camp r&#233;publicain au S&#233;nat n&#8217;exclut pas franchir le Rubicon de la taxe carbone... pour des raisons protectionnistes. Deux projets de lois - un <a href="https://bipartisanpolicy.org/explainer/understanding-the-foreign-pollution-fee-act-of-2025/">projet bipartisan</a>, <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/1325/text">la Foreign Pollution Fee Act (FPFA)</a>, et un projet d&#233;mocrate d&#233;pos&#233; pour la premi&#232;re fois en 2023, la <a href="https://www.epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?a=files.serve&amp;File_id=5C7EA0CD-529D-4532-B681-E583F814A2AD">Clean Competition Act (CCA)</a> - pourraient &#234;tre mis &#224; l&#8217;agenda, si la <a href="https://www.scotusblog.com/cases/case-files/learning-resources-inc-v-trump/">Cour Supr&#234;me devait limiter les pouvoirs pr&#233;sidentiels</a> en mati&#232;re de fixation de droits de douane.</p><p>&#8220;<em>Bien que se pr&#233;sentant comme une r&#233;ponse &#224; ce probl&#232;me, les droits de douane ill&#233;gaux impos&#233;s par l&#8217;administration Trump en vertu de l&#8217;IEEPA ont engendr&#233; un chaos &#233;conomique et aggrav&#233; nombre des dynamiques sous-jacentes. Le Congr&#232;s devrait &#233;tablir des r&#232;gles commerciales plus &#233;quitables et pr&#233;visibles, favorisant une course vers l&#8217;excellence en mati&#232;re de d&#233;carbonation &#224; l&#8217;&#233;chelle mondiale</em>,&#8221; peut-on lire dans la pr&#233;sentation de la CCA.</p><p>Paradoxalement, le &#8220;<em>hoax</em>&#8221; qu&#8217;est le changement climatique, dans la rh&#233;torique utilis&#233;e par le pr&#233;sident Trump, pourrait conserver un r&#244;le de variable d&#8217;ajustement. Si l'administration am&#233;ricaine s'attache &#224; d&#233;manteler les march&#233;s carbone locaux, elle n'exclut pas une tarification opportuniste du carbone si celle-ci lui permettait de l&#233;gitimer ses droits de douane et <a href="https://budgetmodel.wharton.upenn.edu/issues/2026/1/15/effective-tariff-rates-and-revenues-updated-january-15-2026">assurer ainsi les recettes budg&#233;taires</a> annonc&#233;es.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. 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