<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Transitions]]></title><description><![CDATA[Insights (EN/FR) on economic, social and environmental transitions.
Analyses des grandes transitions économiques, sociales et environnementales — en français et en anglais]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Au9I!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1247c115-205f-4c6d-9a44-60aa8947fd83_1280x1280.png</url><title>Transitions</title><link>https://www.transitions.news</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Mon, 04 May 2026 11:51:32 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://www.transitions.news/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[newsdesk@transitions.news]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[newsdesk@transitions.news]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[newsdesk@transitions.news]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[newsdesk@transitions.news]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Op-Ed - Geopolitics can no longer be reduced to rivalry]]></title><description><![CDATA[By Dr. Charles Salvaudon, former diplomat, professor, and geopolitical expert*]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/op-ed-geopolitics-can-no-longer-be</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/op-ed-geopolitics-can-no-longer-be</guid><pubDate>Thu, 26 Mar 2026 10:00:29 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jorj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e02e6ad-c4bf-4694-ae31-0823e276f342_1376x768.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jorj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e02e6ad-c4bf-4694-ae31-0823e276f342_1376x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jorj!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e02e6ad-c4bf-4694-ae31-0823e276f342_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jorj!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e02e6ad-c4bf-4694-ae31-0823e276f342_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jorj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e02e6ad-c4bf-4694-ae31-0823e276f342_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jorj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e02e6ad-c4bf-4694-ae31-0823e276f342_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jorj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e02e6ad-c4bf-4694-ae31-0823e276f342_1376x768.png" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2e02e6ad-c4bf-4694-ae31-0823e276f342_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2a99fe94-0361-42e0-bc44-32661cec074d_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1317762,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/192186373?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a99fe94-0361-42e0-bc44-32661cec074d_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jorj!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e02e6ad-c4bf-4694-ae31-0823e276f342_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jorj!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e02e6ad-c4bf-4694-ae31-0823e276f342_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jorj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e02e6ad-c4bf-4694-ae31-0823e276f342_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jorj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e02e6ad-c4bf-4694-ae31-0823e276f342_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><blockquote><p>With <em><strong>Forum</strong></em>, Transitions<em> opens a space for external voices to shed light on the major structural shifts of the contemporary world. I have chosen to launch this new section with an op-ed by Dr. Charles Salvaudon, who questions the limits of a strictly conflictual reading of international relations and invites us to rethink interdependencies, systemic vulnerabilities, and the renewed forms of power in the 21st century.</em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><p>Thinking about the world solely through the lens of competition between powers has become an analytical mistake. In an era of global interdependence and systemic crises, it is urgent to rethink geopolitics. Geopolitics has once again become a dominant framework for understanding the world. The war in Ukraine, tensions in the Middle East, and the U.S.-China rivalry all seem to confirm the return of a world structured by power confrontation. Yet this apparent clarity is misleading. It rests on an intellectual framework inherited from the twentieth century, built on a simple assumption: that the world is a space of rivalry between states, each seeking to maximize its power at the expense of others. This model continues to shape much of today&#8217;s analysis, political discourse, and strategic decision-making. But it no longer reflects the reality of the twenty-first century.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>A framework that has become blind</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">The contemporary world is not only conflictual&#8212;it is profoundly interdependent. And this interdependence changes everything. Climate change, supply chains, digital infrastructures, migration flows, and health crises all reveal a system where vulnerabilities are shared, and cascading effects are the norm. No state, however powerful, can escape them. To analyze this world with yesterday&#8217;s tools is to look at a new reality through outdated categories. The issue is not that rivalry has disappeared. It is very much present&#8212;visible, brutal, sometimes military. But it is no longer the sole structuring logic. It coexists with forms of interdependence that make any purely conflict-based reading insufficient&#8212;and at times dangerous.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Interdependence under tension</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">The twenty-first century is not the end of conflict. It is the age of interdependence under tension. States oppose one another while remaining deeply interconnected. They compete while depending on each other. They seek protection while remaining exposed to global dynamics they cannot control. This creates a central contradiction: the power logics inherited from the past are colliding with the systemic realities of the present. And it is precisely here that classical geopolitics reaches its limits.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>A geopolitics that runs through societies</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">The most profound transformation lies elsewhere: geopolitics is no longer confined to relations between states. It now runs through societies. Energy markets, digital platforms, global value chains, and financial networks have become arenas of power as decisive as borders. Technology companies shape power relations. Cities and regions develop international strategies. NGOs and transnational movements influence political agendas. In other words, geopolitics has become transversal. It flows through individuals, companies, infrastructures, and collective imaginaries. It is embedded in everyday life: energy prices, access to technology, the effects of climate change, and the circulation of information are all concrete expressions of geopolitical tensions. Geopolitics is no longer a distant theater. It has become a lived experience.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Power reconsidered</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">In this context, power itself is changing in nature. It can no longer be measured solely in military divisions or GDP figures. It also depends on control over technologies, networks, innovation capacity, normative influence, and the ability to structure flows. Non-state actors&#8212;multinational corporations, financial institutions, local governments, civil society&#8212;are no longer peripheral. They are directly involved in the production of power. Yet despite these transformations, much analysis remains trapped in a binary vision of the world: rivalry or domination. This simplification prevents us from understanding the real stakes.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The limits of the conflict paradigm</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">The major challenges of the twenty-first century are not zero-sum. Climate change, food security, energy transition, ocean governance, and digital regulation cannot be resolved through confrontation alone. They require forms of coordination, sometimes minimal, but essential. A geopolitics reduced to rivalry leads to a dead end: it fuels tensions without offering solutions. Worse, it risks aggravating the very crises it seeks to analyze.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Toward a humanist geopolitics</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">It is time to change paradigms. Not by denying power relations, but by placing them within a broader framework. In an interdependent world, power is no longer limited to the capacity for domination. It also includes the ability to manage complexity, stabilize fragile systems, and enable sustainable coexistence. This is the meaning of a humanist geopolitics&#8212;one that places societies at its core. One that considers social transformations, economic behaviours, technological environments, and collective imaginaries. One that analyzes not only states, but also the individuals and structures that connect them. This shift is decisive. It implies moving from a logic of domination to one of responsibility, from control to coordination, from rivalry to coexistence.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Rethinking the purpose of geopolitics</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">The issue is not only analytical. It is political. If geopolitics remains a mere reading of conflicts, it becomes incapable of addressing the conditions for stability in the contemporary world. It describes tensions but does not allow us to move beyond them. By contrast, a renewed geopolitics can once again become a tool for understanding and action&#8212;provided it integrates what now defines the world: interdependence, complexity, and the necessity of organized coexistence.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>A choice for the twenty-first century</strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;">The twenty-first century will not be determined solely by competition between powers. It will be shaped by the ability of societies to organize their interdependence without descending into chaos. This is where the real stakes lie. To continue thinking of the world as a simple confrontation of powers is to refuse to see what is already unfolding. It is to remain trapped in an outdated framework and to risk making inadequate decisions. Rethinking geopolitics is therefore not an intellectual luxury. It is an urgency.</p><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>*About the Author &#8211; Charles Salvaudon holds a PhD in Political Science and is a geopolitical expert at ESSEC&#8217;s European Center for Law and Economics, directed by Viviane de Beaufort. He is also a professor at Albert School&#8211;Mines Paris, where he teaches and coordinates a team of ten geopolitics professors across the school's  European campuses. A contributor to the Jacques Delors Institute, he has authored several books, including G&#233;opolitique, cette force qui bouleverse tout (Baudelaire), G&#233;opolitique pour l&#8217;Entreprise (L&#8217;Harmattan), and The New Geopolitics of Sustainability (Springer).</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Tribune - La géopolitique ne peut plus se réduire à la rivalité]]></title><description><![CDATA[Par le Dr Charles Salvaudon, ancien diplomate, professeur et expert en g&#233;opolitique*]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/tribune-la-geopolitique-ne-peut-plus</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/tribune-la-geopolitique-ne-peut-plus</guid><pubDate>Thu, 26 Mar 2026 08:59:03 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hJVn!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83c12deb-e03a-4d94-9520-cbbd7840c1f8_1376x768.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hJVn!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83c12deb-e03a-4d94-9520-cbbd7840c1f8_1376x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hJVn!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83c12deb-e03a-4d94-9520-cbbd7840c1f8_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hJVn!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83c12deb-e03a-4d94-9520-cbbd7840c1f8_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hJVn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83c12deb-e03a-4d94-9520-cbbd7840c1f8_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hJVn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83c12deb-e03a-4d94-9520-cbbd7840c1f8_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hJVn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83c12deb-e03a-4d94-9520-cbbd7840c1f8_1376x768.png" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/83c12deb-e03a-4d94-9520-cbbd7840c1f8_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b982ffa9-cd7a-4f24-b169-2c0fbc37ff1f_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1337650,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/192181547?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb982ffa9-cd7a-4f24-b169-2c0fbc37ff1f_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hJVn!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83c12deb-e03a-4d94-9520-cbbd7840c1f8_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hJVn!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83c12deb-e03a-4d94-9520-cbbd7840c1f8_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hJVn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83c12deb-e03a-4d94-9520-cbbd7840c1f8_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hJVn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83c12deb-e03a-4d94-9520-cbbd7840c1f8_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><blockquote><p><em>Avec <strong>Forum</strong>, </em>Transitions<em> ouvre un espace &#224; des voix ext&#233;rieures pour &#233;clairer les grandes recompositions du monde contemporain. J&#8217;ai choisi d&#8217;inaugurer cette nouvelle rubrique avec une tribune du Dr Charles Salvaudon, qui interroge les limites d&#8217;une lecture strictement conflictuelle des relations internationales et invite &#224; penser autrement les interd&#233;pendances, les vuln&#233;rabilit&#233;s syst&#233;miques et les formes renouvel&#233;es de la puissance au XXIe si&#232;cle.</em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><p>Penser le monde uniquement &#224; travers la comp&#233;tition entre puissances est devenu une erreur d&#8217;analyse. &#192; l&#8217;heure des interd&#233;pendances globales et des crises syst&#233;miques, il est urgent de refonder la g&#233;opolitique. La g&#233;opolitique est redevenue une grille de lecture dominante. Guerre en Ukraine, tensions au Moyen-Orient, rivalit&#233; sino-am&#233;ricaine : tout semble confirmer le retour d&#8217;un monde structur&#233; par l&#8217;affrontement des puissances. Mais cette &#233;vidence est trompeuse. Elle repose sur un cadre intellectuel h&#233;rit&#233; du XXe si&#232;cle, fond&#233; sur une id&#233;e simple : le monde serait d&#8217;abord un espace de rivalit&#233; entre &#201;tats, o&#249; chacun cherche &#224; maximiser sa puissance au d&#233;triment des autres. Ce mod&#232;le continue d&#8217;organiser une grande partie des analyses, des discours politiques et des d&#233;cisions strat&#233;giques. Or, il ne correspond plus &#224; la r&#233;alit&#233; du XXIe si&#232;cle.</p><h3>Une lecture devenue aveugle</h3><p>Le monde contemporain n&#8217;est pas seulement conflictuel : il est profond&#233;ment interd&#233;pendant. Et cette interd&#233;pendance change tout. Le climat, les cha&#238;nes d&#8217;approvisionnement, les infrastructures num&#233;riques, les flux migratoires ou encore les crises sanitaires dessinent un syst&#232;me o&#249; les vuln&#233;rabilit&#233;s sont partag&#233;es et les effets en cascade. Aucun &#201;tat, aussi puissant soit-il, ne peut s&#8217;en abstraire. Penser ce monde avec les outils d&#8217;hier revient &#224; regarder une r&#233;alit&#233; nouvelle avec des cat&#233;gories p&#233;rim&#233;es. Le probl&#232;me n&#8217;est pas que la rivalit&#233; ait disparu. Elle est bien l&#224;, visible, brutale, parfois militaire. Mais elle n&#8217;est plus la seule logique structurante. Elle coexiste avec des formes d&#8217;interd&#233;pendance qui rendent toute lecture purement conflictuelle insuffisante &#8212; et parfois dangereuse.</p><h3>L&#8217;interd&#233;pendance sous tension</h3><p>Le XXIe si&#232;cle n&#8217;est pas celui de la fin des conflits. C&#8217;est celui de l&#8217;interd&#233;pendance sous tension. Les &#201;tats s&#8217;opposent tout en restant li&#233;s. Ils se concurrencent tout en d&#233;pendant les uns des autres. Ils cherchent &#224; se prot&#233;ger tout en &#233;tant expos&#233;s &#224; des dynamiques globales qu&#8217;ils ne contr&#244;lent pas. Cette situation cr&#233;e une contradiction centrale : les logiques de puissance h&#233;rit&#233;es du pass&#233; entrent en collision avec les r&#233;alit&#233;s syst&#233;miques du pr&#233;sent. Et c&#8217;est pr&#233;cis&#233;ment l&#224; que la g&#233;opolitique classique atteint ses limites.</p><h3>Une g&#233;opolitique qui traverse les soci&#233;t&#233;s</h3><p>La transformation la plus profonde est ailleurs : la g&#233;opolitique ne se joue plus uniquement entre &#201;tats. Elle traverse d&#233;sormais les soci&#233;t&#233;s. Les march&#233;s de l&#8217;&#233;nergie, les plateformes num&#233;riques, les cha&#238;nes de valeur globales ou les r&#233;seaux financiers sont devenus des espaces de puissance aussi d&#233;terminants que les fronti&#232;res. Les entreprises technologiques influencent les rapports de force. Les villes et les r&#233;gions d&#233;veloppent des strat&#233;gies internationales. Les ONG et les mouvements transnationaux p&#232;sent sur les agendas politiques. Autrement dit, la g&#233;opolitique est devenue transversale. Elle circule &#224; travers les individus, les entreprises, les infrastructures et les imaginaires. Elle s&#8217;inscrit dans le quotidien : le prix de l&#8217;&#233;nergie, l&#8217;acc&#232;s aux technologies, les effets du changement climatique ou la circulation de l&#8217;information sont autant d&#8217;expressions concr&#232;tes de tensions g&#233;opolitiques. La g&#233;opolitique n&#8217;est plus un th&#233;&#226;tre lointain. Elle est devenue une exp&#233;rience v&#233;cue.</p><h3>Une puissance &#224; red&#233;finir</h3><p>Dans ce contexte, la puissance elle-m&#234;me change de nature. Elle ne se mesure plus seulement en divisions militaires ou en points de PIB. Elle repose aussi sur la ma&#238;trise des technologies, le contr&#244;le des r&#233;seaux, la capacit&#233; d&#8217;innovation, l&#8217;influence normative et la capacit&#233; &#224; structurer des flux. Les acteurs non &#233;tatiques &#8212; multinationales, institutions financi&#232;res, collectivit&#233;s territoriales, soci&#233;t&#233; civile &#8212; ne sont plus p&#233;riph&#233;riques : ils participent directement &#224; la production du pouvoir. Pourtant, malgr&#233; ces mutations, une grande partie des analyses reste prisonni&#232;re d&#8217;une vision binaire du monde : rivalit&#233; ou domination. Cette simplification emp&#234;che de penser les v&#233;ritables enjeux.</p><h3>L&#8217;impasse du paradigme conflictuel</h3><p>Les d&#233;fis majeurs du XXIe si&#232;cle ne sont pas &#224; somme nulle. Le climat, la s&#233;curit&#233; alimentaire, la transition &#233;nerg&#233;tique, la gouvernance des oc&#233;ans ou la r&#233;gulation du num&#233;rique ne peuvent &#234;tre r&#233;solus par la seule confrontation. Ils exigent des formes de coordination, parfois minimales, mais indispensables. Une g&#233;opolitique r&#233;duite &#224; la rivalit&#233; conduit alors &#224; une impasse : elle alimente les tensions sans offrir de solutions. Pire, elle risque d&#8217;aggraver les crises qu&#8217;elle pr&#233;tend analyser.</p><h3>Pour une g&#233;opolitique humaniste</h3><p>Il est temps de changer de paradigme. Non pas en niant les rapports de force, mais en les repla&#231;ant dans un cadre plus large. Dans un monde interd&#233;pendant, la puissance ne se limite plus &#224; la capacit&#233; de domination. Elle inclut la capacit&#233; &#224; g&#233;rer la complexit&#233;, &#224; stabiliser des syst&#232;mes fragiles et &#224; permettre une coexistence durable. C&#8217;est le sens d&#8217;une g&#233;opolitique humaniste. Une g&#233;opolitique qui place les soci&#233;t&#233;s au centre. Qui prend en compte les transformations sociales, les comportements &#233;conomiques, les environnements technologiques et les imaginaires collectifs. Qui analyse non seulement les &#201;tats, mais aussi les individus et les structures qui les relient. Ce d&#233;placement est d&#233;cisif. Il implique de passer d&#8217;une logique de domination &#224; une logique de responsabilit&#233;, du contr&#244;le &#224; la coordination, de la rivalit&#233; &#224; la coexistence.</p><div><hr></div><p><em>*A propos de l&#8217;auteur - Docteur en sciences politiques, Charles Salvaudon est expert en g&#233;opolitique aupr&#232;s du Centre Europ&#233;en de Droit et d'Economie de l'ESSEC, dirig&#233; par Viviane de Beaufort. Il est &#233;galement professeur &#224; Albert School&#8211;Mines Paris, o&#249; il enseigne et coordonne une dizaine de professeurs de g&#233;opolitique pour les diff&#233;rents campus europ&#233;ens de l'&#233;cole. Contributeur pour l&#8217;Institut Jacques Delors, il est l&#8217;auteur de plusieurs ouvrages: &#8220;G&#233;opolitique, cette force qui bouleverse tout&#8221; (&#233;d. Baudelaire), &#8220;G&#233;opolitique pour l&#8217;Entreprise&#8221; (&#233;d. L&#8217;Harmattan), &#8220;The New Geopolitics of Sustainability&#8221; (Springer).</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[How the Strait of Hormuz Trap Is Rattling the Corn Belt]]></title><description><![CDATA[With the spring planting window fast approaching, the war with Iran is triggering an unprecedented supply shock, leaving 75% of U.S. farmers exposed as they have yet to secure their fertilizer needs.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/how-the-strait-of-hormuz-trap-is</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/how-the-strait-of-hormuz-trap-is</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 20 Mar 2026 14:35:20 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LdJs!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48c5af36-2d26-4022-a2b1-8798030ad5c3_1376x680.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LdJs!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48c5af36-2d26-4022-a2b1-8798030ad5c3_1376x680.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LdJs!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48c5af36-2d26-4022-a2b1-8798030ad5c3_1376x680.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LdJs!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48c5af36-2d26-4022-a2b1-8798030ad5c3_1376x680.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LdJs!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48c5af36-2d26-4022-a2b1-8798030ad5c3_1376x680.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LdJs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48c5af36-2d26-4022-a2b1-8798030ad5c3_1376x680.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LdJs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48c5af36-2d26-4022-a2b1-8798030ad5c3_1376x680.png" width="1376" height="680" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/48c5af36-2d26-4022-a2b1-8798030ad5c3_1376x680.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/172f2997-5f73-4c92-bdd0-01fc79e63b19_1376x680.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:680,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1881236,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/191581634?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1d34e4b4-2a44-4ec3-baf4-e1a4a9c62a35_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LdJs!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48c5af36-2d26-4022-a2b1-8798030ad5c3_1376x680.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LdJs!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48c5af36-2d26-4022-a2b1-8798030ad5c3_1376x680.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LdJs!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48c5af36-2d26-4022-a2b1-8798030ad5c3_1376x680.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LdJs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48c5af36-2d26-4022-a2b1-8798030ad5c3_1376x680.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">The Pentagon has confirmed that the security of the Strait of Hormuz cannot be guaranteed under current conditions.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Factoring in the Corn Belt&#8217;s operational window likely would have pushed Operation &#8216;Epic Fury&#8217; past the spring planting season. By triggering a supply shock in the Gulf and a maritime blockade at Hormuz, Washington has blindsided the U.S. agricultural sector at its most sensitive period, seemingly underestimating the domestic trade-offs of the intervention.</p><p>While the United States is not systemically dependent on the Middle East for its total fertilizer supply, it remains vulnerable in several critical segments. According to the American Farm Bureau Federation (AFBF), Saudi Arabia alone accounted for 39% of U.S. phosphate imports in 2024, while Qatar and Saudi Arabia combined for 16% of urea imports. The administration is now actively seeking alternative suppliers, as domestic production capacity cannot pivot fast enough to offset this supply shock.</p><p>The global fertilizer market is highly integrated and structurally sensitive to supply disruptions. Characterized by limited strategic reserves, the sector operates on a just-in-time basis due to high storage costs, stringent safety regulations, and the hygroscopic nature of the products. &#8220;<em>Supply disruptions in one part of the world can ripple across the trade routes and affect availability and price in other regions. While the United States is both a fertilizer producer and importer, those same global supply dynamics play a role in determining input costs for American farmers,</em>&#8221; explains the Fertilizer Institute.</p><p>The price surge has been as sudden as the supply shock, with increases ranging from 20% to 35% across all major nutrient categories. &#8220;<em>Spot urea prices in the US Gulf have risen USD 132.50/short ton since the conflict began, their largest two-week increase since September 2022,</em>&#8221;  notes Rabobank. This spike comes at a time when <a href="https://www.cobank.com/knowledge-exchange/grain-and-farm-supply/fertilizer-markets-struggle-with-supply-constraints-farmer-affordability">input costs were already eroding farm margins</a>.</p><h3><strong>Nitrogen Volatility Drives Acreage Reallocation</strong></h3><p>As of March 13, 75% of U.S. farmers had yet to secure their fertilizer needs for the spring season, according to US Secretary of Agriculture Brooke Rollins. To mitigate these costs, farmers are considering a significant acreage shift. Analysts suggest that 1 to 1.5 million acres could swing from corn to soybeans this spring. By pivoting away from corn, farmers hope to slash their nitrogen bills - inflated by natural gas prices and logistical bottlenecks - in favor of a crop with intrinsic nitrogen-fixing capabilities.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2UTL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F554b5cea-b4a6-4bfd-828c-a1cd4c18a43b_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2UTL!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F554b5cea-b4a6-4bfd-828c-a1cd4c18a43b_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2UTL!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F554b5cea-b4a6-4bfd-828c-a1cd4c18a43b_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2UTL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F554b5cea-b4a6-4bfd-828c-a1cd4c18a43b_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2UTL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F554b5cea-b4a6-4bfd-828c-a1cd4c18a43b_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2UTL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F554b5cea-b4a6-4bfd-828c-a1cd4c18a43b_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/554b5cea-b4a6-4bfd-828c-a1cd4c18a43b_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/20064db8-502c-4ff2-8256-090ec6155386_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2670622,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/191581634?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20064db8-502c-4ff2-8256-090ec6155386_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2UTL!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F554b5cea-b4a6-4bfd-828c-a1cd4c18a43b_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2UTL!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F554b5cea-b4a6-4bfd-828c-a1cd4c18a43b_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2UTL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F554b5cea-b4a6-4bfd-828c-a1cd4c18a43b_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2UTL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F554b5cea-b4a6-4bfd-828c-a1cd4c18a43b_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Farmers may increase soybean acreage at the expense of corn.</figcaption></figure></div><p></p><h3><strong>The Realpolitik of Phosphate</strong></h3><p>Securing phosphate supplies has become a top strategic priority. In 2025, many farmers had already deferred purchases due to high costs. &#8220;I<em>mports fell by 25% year over year following the imposition of IEEPA tariffs</em>,&#8221; says the National Corn Association, warning that further disruptions could &#8220;<em>further inflame a tight supply/high price situation in the United States.</em>&#8220;</p><p>Following the <a href="https://www.trade.gov/faq/final-determinations-countervailing-duty-investigations-phosphate-fertilizers-morocco-and">2021 imposition of countervailing duties (CVD) on Moroccan and Russian phosphate fertilizers</a>, Saudi Arabia emerged as the primary U.S. supplier. With China expected to extend its export freeze beyond August 2026, the Fertilizer Institute identifies Russia and Morocco as the only viable substitutes for Saudi volumes.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>However, their ability to bridge the gap is far from guaranteed. &#8220;<em>Russia is contending with domestic export limits and recent Ukrainian attacks on production plants, with industry sources reporting that companies are focused on meeting domestic demand,</em>&#8220; <a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/chokepoint-how-war-iran-threatens-global-food-security">reports the CSIS</a> (Center for Strategic and International Studies).</p><p>Morocco, the world&#8217;s leading phosphate producer, faces its own operational constraint: a 48% dependency on Gulf sulfur imports. Sulfur is the critical feedstock required for the acidulation of phosphate rock, effectively serving as the structural bottleneck for the entire industry. While <a href="https://www.globalsov.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/26.03.15-Ormuz-Strait-closure-consequences-on-Africas-fertilizer-and-food-imports-GSA.pdf">Global Sovereign Advisory (GSA) noted on March 15</a> that &#8220;<em>the country is said to have built up sufficient sulphur stocks to avoid being immediately affected by the crisis in the Gulf,</em>&#8221; the long-term outlook remains precarious.</p><p>Furthermore, a reopening of the Strait of Hormuz appears unlikely in the short term. &#8220;<em>The Pentagon confirmed this week that military options for escorting oil tankers through the strait have not been formally tasked, while the specifics of the DFC&#8217;s reinsurance mechanism are so far insufficient for shipping companies to offset the risk of traveling through the strait</em>,&#8221; the CSIS explains.</p><h3><strong>Food Security Overrides Diplomacy: The Return of Sanctioned Origins</strong></h3><p>Food security is forcing Washington to engage with previously shunned suppliers. A coalition of agricultural groups has officially lobbied for the removal of duties on Moroccan and Russian fertilizers and the authorization of Venezuelan imports.</p><p>Their pleas have been heard. On March 13, <a href="https://ofac.treasury.gov/faqs/1226">the U.S. Treasury announced a partial easing of sanctions on Venezuelan fertilizers</a>. Argus Media <a href="https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news-and-insights/latest-market-news/2780056-us-to-review-russia-morocco-phos-duties-in-march">reported in December</a> that the Department of Commerce would conduct a sunset review of Moroccan and Russian counterduties in March, potentially providing a window for administrative relief.</p><p>Finally, on March 19, Special Envoy John Coale announced in Minsk <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/19/world/europe/belarus-prisoners-fertilizer-potash-sanctions.html?searchResultPosition=1">the total lifting of sanctions on Belarusian potash exports</a>, which had been in place since the invasion of Ukraine.</p><p>The Trump administration understands that <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/phillempert/2026/03/16/the-iran-war-isnt-just-a-gas-price-story-its-a-food-price-crisis-with-the-worst-to-come/">fertilizer inflation is a &#8220;slow-release poison</a>.&#8221; Higher input costs first appear in planting shifts, then in yields and production costs, before eventually translating into grocery store inflation six to twelve months later. Ahead of the midterms, this lagged supply-side shock risks compromising the &#8216;affordability&#8217; narrative at the core of the Republican agenda, transforming agricultural volatility into a political liability.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/p/how-the-strait-of-hormuz-trap-is?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/p/how-the-strait-of-hormuz-trap-is?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/p/how-the-strait-of-hormuz-trap-is/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/p/how-the-strait-of-hormuz-trap-is/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[La Corn Belt prise au piège du détroit d’Ormuz]]></title><description><![CDATA[Alors que 75 % des agriculteurs am&#233;ricains n'ont pas encore s&#233;curis&#233; leurs achats, la guerre avec l'Iran provoque une onde de choc sans pr&#233;c&#233;dent sur le march&#233; des engrais.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/la-corn-belt-prise-au-piege-du-detroit-d-ormouzdu-detroit</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/la-corn-belt-prise-au-piege-du-detroit-d-ormouzdu-detroit</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 20 Mar 2026 09:57:05 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3hP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa604c109-102d-4ae7-9894-58fff7a8c1d7_1376x684.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3hP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa604c109-102d-4ae7-9894-58fff7a8c1d7_1376x684.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3hP!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa604c109-102d-4ae7-9894-58fff7a8c1d7_1376x684.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3hP!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa604c109-102d-4ae7-9894-58fff7a8c1d7_1376x684.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3hP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa604c109-102d-4ae7-9894-58fff7a8c1d7_1376x684.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3hP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa604c109-102d-4ae7-9894-58fff7a8c1d7_1376x684.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3hP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa604c109-102d-4ae7-9894-58fff7a8c1d7_1376x684.png" width="1376" height="684" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a604c109-102d-4ae7-9894-58fff7a8c1d7_1376x684.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e26e720e-3e11-45e3-ba60-a57a64fa0407_1376x684.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:684,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1892935,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/191559673?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F410fd883-2b8b-48bc-8658-cb5c0c3ae474_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3hP!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa604c109-102d-4ae7-9894-58fff7a8c1d7_1376x684.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3hP!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa604c109-102d-4ae7-9894-58fff7a8c1d7_1376x684.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3hP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa604c109-102d-4ae7-9894-58fff7a8c1d7_1376x684.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3hP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa604c109-102d-4ae7-9894-58fff7a8c1d7_1376x684.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Le Pentagone a confirm&#233; que la s&#233;curisation du d&#233;troit d&#8217;Ormuz ne pouvait pas &#234;tre assur&#233;e &#224; l&#8217;heure actuelle.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Si la Corn Belt avait eu voix au chapitre, Washington aurait sans doute attendu la fin des semis avant de d&#233;clencher l&#8217;op&#233;ration &#8220;Epic Fury&#8221; sur l&#8217;Iran.</p><p>La destruction de pans entiers de l&#8217;appareil productif dans l&#8217;ensemble des pays du Golfe, et le blocage du d&#233;troit d&#8217;Ormuz, sont intervenus &#224; un moment critique pour les agriculteurs am&#233;ricains. Washington a peut-&#234;tre sous-estim&#233; le co&#251;t agricole domestique imm&#233;diat de sa propre intervention.</p><p>Les &#201;tats-Unis ne d&#233;pendent pas massivement du Moyen-Orient pour l&#8217;ensemble de leurs engrais, mais ils y sont expos&#233;s sur certains segments critiques. Selon l&#8217;American Farm Bureau Federation, l&#8217;Arabie saoudite repr&#233;sentait &#224; elle seule 39 % des importations am&#233;ricaines de phosphate en 2024, tandis que le Qatar et l&#8217;Arabie saoudite comptaient ensemble pour 16 % des importations d&#8217;ur&#233;e.</p><p>L&#8217;administration recherche activement d&#8217;autres fournisseurs, leur capacit&#233; de production nationale n&#8217;&#233;tant pas en mesure de s&#8217;ajuster &#224; ce choc d&#8217;offre.</p><p>Le march&#233; des engrais est mondial, hautement int&#233;gr&#233;, et structurellement vuln&#233;rable aux chocs d&#8217;offre. Le secteur fonctionne avec des stocks relativement limit&#233;s. Le co&#251;t du stockage, les contraintes de s&#233;curit&#233;, les exigences r&#233;glementaires et la sensibilit&#233; de certains produits &#224; l&#8217;humidit&#233; ou &#224; l&#8217;agglom&#233;ration incitent les acteurs &#224; op&#233;rer en flux tendu.</p><h3>Des r&#233;actions en cha&#238;ne</h3><p>&#8220;<em>Des ruptures d&#8217;approvisionnement dans une partie du monde peuvent se propager le long des routes commerciales et affecter la disponibilit&#233; ainsi que les prix dans d&#8217;autres r&#233;gions. Bien que les &#201;tats-Unis soient &#224; la fois producteurs et importateurs d&#8217;engrais, ces m&#234;mes dynamiques d&#8217;offre mondiales jouent un r&#244;le d&#233;terminant dans les co&#251;ts de production des agriculteurs am&#233;ricains</em>&#8221;, explique le Fertilizer Institute.</p><p>Tout aussi brutale que le choc d&#8217;offre, la hausse des prix a &#233;t&#233; imm&#233;diate. Elle est comprise entre 20 et 35% selon les engrais consid&#233;r&#233;s. &#8220;L<em>es prix au comptant de l&#8217;ur&#233;e dans le Golfe du Mexique ont bondi de 132,50 $ par tonne courte depuis le d&#233;but du conflit, marquant leur plus forte progression sur deux semaines depuis septembre 2022</em>&#8221;, illustre Rabobank.</p><blockquote><p>Cette hausse est intervenue dans un contexte o&#249; les prix des intrants, et des engrais en particulier,<a href="https://www.cobank.com/knowledge-exchange/grain-and-farm-supply/fertilizer-markets-struggle-with-supply-constraints-farmer-affordability"> pesaient d&#233;j&#224; sur les marges des agriculteurs</a>.</p></blockquote><h3><strong>Quand le prix de l&#8217;azote redessine les semis</strong></h3><p>75% d&#8217;entre eux n&#8217;ont pas encore achet&#233; l&#8217;engrais n&#233;cessaire &#224; leurs semis de printemps, a d&#233;clar&#233; Brooke Rollins, la secr&#233;taire d&#8217;Etat &#224; l&#8217;Agriculture, le 13 mars dernier.</p><p>Plusieurs analystes agricoles &#233;voquent un basculement potentiellement significatif des surfaces du ma&#239;s vers le soja, certains allant jusqu&#8217;&#224; 1 &#224; 1,5 million d&#8217;acres. En renon&#231;ant au ma&#239;s, les fermiers all&#233;geraient surtout leur facture d&#8217;azote - rench&#233;rie par le prix du gaz, les tensions logistiques et la fermeture d&#8217;Ormuz - au profit d&#8217;une culture capable de fixer son propre azote atmosph&#233;rique.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZ7i!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F887e6a1f-548f-44cc-93d9-4bd472254678_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZ7i!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F887e6a1f-548f-44cc-93d9-4bd472254678_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZ7i!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F887e6a1f-548f-44cc-93d9-4bd472254678_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZ7i!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F887e6a1f-548f-44cc-93d9-4bd472254678_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZ7i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F887e6a1f-548f-44cc-93d9-4bd472254678_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZ7i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F887e6a1f-548f-44cc-93d9-4bd472254678_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/887e6a1f-548f-44cc-93d9-4bd472254678_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8071bb9d-bd6c-4418-b6bb-f526258d9e7f_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2670622,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/191559673?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8071bb9d-bd6c-4418-b6bb-f526258d9e7f_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZ7i!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F887e6a1f-548f-44cc-93d9-4bd472254678_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZ7i!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F887e6a1f-548f-44cc-93d9-4bd472254678_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZ7i!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F887e6a1f-548f-44cc-93d9-4bd472254678_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hZ7i!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F887e6a1f-548f-44cc-93d9-4bd472254678_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Les agriculteurs pourraient augmenter les surfaces plant&#233;es de soja, au d&#233;triment du ma&#239;s.</figcaption></figure></div><h3><strong>La Realpolitik du phosphate</strong></h3><p>La s&#233;curisation des approvisionnements en phosphate est l&#8217;une des priorit&#233;s en ce d&#233;but d&#8217;ann&#233;e. En 2025 les agriculteurs avaient &#233;t&#233; nombreux &#224; faire l&#8217;impasse sur leurs achats.</p><p>&#8220;<em>Les importations ont chut&#233; de 25 % sur un an apr&#232;s la mise en &#339;uvre des tarifs douaniers li&#233;s &#224; l&#8217;IEEPA</em>,&#8221; indique la National Corn Association, pr&#233;cisant que &#8220;t<em>oute nouvelle rupture des importations risquerait d&#8217;exacerber une situation d&#233;j&#224; marqu&#233;e par une offre exsangue et des prix record aux &#201;tats-Unis.</em>&#8221;</p><p>Apr&#232;s<a href="https://www.trade.gov/faq/final-determinations-countervailing-duty-investigations-phosphate-fertilizers-morocco-and"> la mise en place de surtaxes sur les engrais marocains et russes</a> en 2021, l&#8217;Arabie saoudite est devenue le premier fournisseur de phosphate des Etats-Unis (cf. supra).</p><p>Les analystes estiment qu&#8217;un prolongement du gel des exportations chinoises, qui devrait prendre fin en ao&#251;t 2026, est probable. Les autres pays producteurs susceptibles de se substituer &#224; l&#8217;arr&#234;t des livraisons saoudiennes sont la Russie et le Maroc, selon le Fertilizer Institute.</p><p>L&#224; encore, rien ne garantit que ces fournisseurs puissent compenser rapidement l&#8217;arr&#234;t des flux en provenance du Golfe. &#8220;<em>Aujourd&#8217;hui, la Russie doit composer avec des restrictions &#224; l&#8217;exportation et les cons&#233;quences d&#8217;attaques ukrainiennes r&#233;centes contre ses sites de production ; des sources industrielles rapportent que les entreprises se concentrent d&#233;sormais sur la satisfaction de la demande nationale</em>,&#8221;<a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/chokepoint-how-war-iran-threatens-global-food-security"> rapporte le CSIS</a> (Center for Strategic and International Studies).</p><p>Premier producteur mondial de phosphate, le Maroc pourrait voir sa capacit&#233; de r&#233;ponse limit&#233;e par sa propre d&#233;pendance aux importations de soufre, dont 48 % proviennent des pays du Golfe. Le soufre, catalyseur indispensable &#224; la transformation de la roche phosphat&#233;e, est devenu le v&#233;ritable goulot d&#8217;&#233;tranglement de la fili&#232;re. &#8220;<em>Le pays aurait constitu&#233; des stocks de soufre suffisants pour &#233;viter d&#8217;&#234;tre imm&#233;diatement affect&#233; par la crise dans le Golfe</em>,&#8221; rassure<a href="https://www.globalsov.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/26.03.15-Ormuz-Strait-closure-consequences-on-Africas-fertilizer-and-food-imports-GSA.pdf"> Global Sovereign Advisory (GSA)</a> dans une note du 15 mars 2026.</p><p>Enfin, la r&#233;ouverture du D&#233;troit d&#8217;Ormuz, et a fortiori la reprise du trafic maritime, semblent exclus &#224; court terme. &#8220;<em>Le Pentagone a confirm&#233; cette semaine qu&#8217;aucune option militaire visant &#224; escorter les p&#233;troliers &#224; travers le d&#233;troit n&#8217;a fait l&#8217;objet d&#8217;une mission formelle. Parall&#232;lement, les modalit&#233;s du m&#233;canisme de r&#233;assurance de la DFC (Development Finance Corporation) s&#8217;av&#232;rent pour l&#8217;heure insuffisantes pour permettre aux compagnies maritimes de compenser les risques li&#233;s au passage du d&#233;troit</em>,&#8221; explique le CSIS.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/p/la-corn-belt-prise-au-piege-du-detroit-d-ormouzdu-detroit?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/p/la-corn-belt-prise-au-piege-du-detroit-d-ormouzdu-detroit?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><h3><strong>Vers un retour en gr&#226;ce de &#8220;parias&#8221;</strong></h3><p>La s&#233;curit&#233; alimentaire force Washington &#224; rouvrir des canaux avec des fournisseurs hier encore ind&#233;sirables. Une coalition d&#8217;organisations agricoles a officiellement demand&#233; la lev&#233;e des surtaxes visant les engrais marocains et russes, et d&#8217;autoriser l&#8217;importation d&#8217;engrais en provenance du Venezuela.</p><p>Elles ont &#233;t&#233; entendues. La lev&#233;e partielle des sanctions visant les engrais v&#233;n&#233;zu&#233;liens a &#233;t&#233;<a href="https://ofac.treasury.gov/faqs/1226"> annonc&#233;e par le Tr&#233;sor am&#233;ricain</a> le 13 mars, et<a href="https://x.com/USTreasury?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E2034268612484043170%7Ctwgr%5E8131565cc38c1363b3990ee3ef6e32293874928d%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&amp;ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwpde.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fus-eases-venezuela-oil-sanctions-to-boost-supply-amid-iran-war-treasury-secretary-president-donald-trump-energy-sector-jones-act-us-flagged-vessels-strait-of-hormuz"> relay&#233;e sur X</a> quelques jours plus tard.</p><p>Quant aux surtaxes frappant les engrais russes et marocains,<a href="https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news-and-insights/latest-market-news/2780056-us-to-review-russia-morocco-phos-duties-in-march"> Argus Media annon&#231;ait au mois de d&#233;cembre</a> que leur r&#233;vision serait &#233;tudi&#233;e par le Department of Trade au mois de mars dans le cadre d&#8217;une clause de r&#233;vision quinquennale.</p><p>Enfin, le 19 mars, les Etats-Unis ont annonc&#233;, par la voix de leur envoy&#233; sp&#233;cial John Coale en d&#233;placement &#224; Minsk,<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/19/world/europe/belarus-prisoners-fertilizer-potash-sanctions.html?searchResultPosition=1"> la lev&#233;e totale des sanctions qui visaient les exportations de potasses de la Bi&#233;lorussie</a> depuis l&#8217;invasion de l&#8217;Ukraine par la Russie.</p><p>L&#8217;administration Trump est consciente que<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/phillempert/2026/03/16/the-iran-war-isnt-just-a-gas-price-story-its-a-food-price-crisis-with-the-worst-to-come/"> la hausse des prix des engrais est un poison lent</a>. Leur rench&#233;rissement se lit d&#8217;abord dans les arbitrages de semis, ensuite dans les rendements, puis dans les co&#251;ts de production, avant d&#8217;atteindre &#8212; six &#224; douze mois plus tard &#8212; le panier des m&#233;nages.</p><p>&#192; l&#8217;approche des midterms, c&#8217;est exactement le type de choc diff&#233;r&#233; capable de ruiner une promesse d&#8217;&#8220;<em>affordability</em>&#8221; &#233;rig&#233;e en th&#232;me central de campagne.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/p/la-corn-belt-prise-au-piege-du-detroit-d-ormouzdu-detroit/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/p/la-corn-belt-prise-au-piege-du-detroit-d-ormouzdu-detroit/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The US Puts the IMF Under Pressure]]></title><description><![CDATA[The US policy aimed at unraveling the programs designed to finance the fight against climate change is not limited to the domestic stage. This re-evaluation of priorities extends to the IMF as well.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/the-us-puts-the-imf-under-pressure</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/the-us-puts-the-imf-under-pressure</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 27 Feb 2026 19:11:59 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F07I!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89c6d041-21f5-4c61-adce-083d92a96ca5_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F07I!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89c6d041-21f5-4c61-adce-083d92a96ca5_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F07I!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89c6d041-21f5-4c61-adce-083d92a96ca5_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F07I!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89c6d041-21f5-4c61-adce-083d92a96ca5_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F07I!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89c6d041-21f5-4c61-adce-083d92a96ca5_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F07I!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89c6d041-21f5-4c61-adce-083d92a96ca5_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F07I!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89c6d041-21f5-4c61-adce-083d92a96ca5_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/89c6d041-21f5-4c61-adce-083d92a96ca5_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d5821450-1658-48c9-8a02-55c1ca607756_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2352604,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/189379253?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5821450-1658-48c9-8a02-55c1ca607756_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F07I!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89c6d041-21f5-4c61-adce-083d92a96ca5_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F07I!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89c6d041-21f5-4c61-adce-083d92a96ca5_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F07I!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89c6d041-21f5-4c61-adce-083d92a96ca5_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F07I!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89c6d041-21f5-4c61-adce-083d92a96ca5_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>It may appear to be an innocuous technicality at first glance. However, a close study of the <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/international/international-monetary-fund">Treasury&#8217;s quarterly reports on U.S. voting policy</a> within the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is telling: since February 2025 and the inauguration of Donald Trump, the United States has consistently abstained or voted against most programs involving financing eligible for the Resilience and Sustainability Trust (RST) - the instrument designed to extend the IMF&#8217;s mandate toward long-term structural risks.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>While this strategy has no immediate effect on final approvals - a qualified majority is the required threshold in this context - it serves as a persistent signal to the Board. Vote after vote, it underscores the U.S. determination to pivot the IMF&#8217;s strategy back toward what it deems its &#8220;original mandate.&#8221;</p><h3><strong>A Consistent Political Line</strong></h3><p>The tone was set on Inauguration Day. Executive Order 14169, titled <em><a href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/01/30/2025-02091/reevaluating-and-realigning-united-states-foreign-aid">&#8220;Reevaluating and Realigning United States Foreign Aid,&#8221;</a></em> signed on January 20, 2025, mandated the Treasury Secretary to conduct a comprehensive review of U.S. commitments within International Financial Institutions (IFIs).</p><p>While the decree did not explicitly name the IMF or the World Bank, it served as a prelude to the hardline stances that defined 2025. &#8220;<em>Now I know &#8220;sustainability&#8221; is a popular term around here. But I&#8217;m not talking about climate change or carbon footprints. I&#8217;m talking about economic and financial sustainability&#8212;the kind of sustainability that raises standards of living and keeps markets afloat. International financial institutions must be singularly focused on upholding this kind of sustainability if they are to succeed in their missions,&#8221;</em> <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0094">declared Scott Bessent before the Institute of International Finance (IIF)</a> on April 23, 2025. He further argued that the IMF devotes <em>&#8220;disproportionate time and resources to work on climate change, gender, and social issues.&#8221;</em></p><p>The Treasury Secretary reiterated these grievances <a href="https://meetings.imf.org/en/-/media/amsm/files/sm2025/imfc/united-states.pdf">the following day at the IMF-World Bank Spring Meetings</a>, accusing the Fund of losing sight of the <em>&#8220;core macroeconomic issues it was created to address.&#8221;</em></p><p>Washington views the IMF as a key pillar of American influence. Consequently, the current dynamic is one of redefinition rather than retreat. Lacking a broad consensus, the Trump administration is attempting to reshape the Fund&#8217;s perimeter through aggressive lobbying and strategic obstruction.</p><h3><strong>A Broken Pledge</strong></h3><p>Launched in April 2022, the RST aims to transform the IMF&#8217;s role by addressing long-term macroeconomic risks. Its primary function is to provide long-term financing (maturities up to 20 years, compared to the 3 to 5 years for traditional IMF instruments) to help low- and middle-income nations build resilience against climate change and future pandemics.</p><p>The RST is funded by the &#8220;recycling&#8221; of surplus Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) from the $650 billion general allocation of August 2021. The capitalization target, set at SDR 33 billion, has been met. Thanks to contributions from China, the EU, and Japan, the fund held approximately SDR 32 to 35 billion by early 2026.</p><blockquote><p>&#8220;We expect the IMF to strengthen its surveillance activities and to do so with objectivity and evenhandedness.  This work should be focused on macroeconomic and financial stability, rather than other areas beyond the IMF&#8217;s expertise like climate and gender.&#8221; Scott Bessent, October 2025.</p></blockquote><p>However, the United States has never fulfilled its commitment to transfer SDR 15 billion, as Congress consistently refused to authorize the operation. In May 2025, the U.S. Treasury officially <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/266/150s-FY-2026-CBJ.pdf">has removed this chapter from the budget request</a>, finalizing the pivot. <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/266/Treasury-International-Programs-FY-2025-CBJ.pdf">Unlike the previous year&#8217;s report</a>, the document makes no mention of climate or the RST.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n0mU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdddece5a-6df0-488d-bda9-e8ca1662155f_1602x866.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n0mU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdddece5a-6df0-488d-bda9-e8ca1662155f_1602x866.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n0mU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdddece5a-6df0-488d-bda9-e8ca1662155f_1602x866.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n0mU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdddece5a-6df0-488d-bda9-e8ca1662155f_1602x866.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n0mU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdddece5a-6df0-488d-bda9-e8ca1662155f_1602x866.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n0mU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdddece5a-6df0-488d-bda9-e8ca1662155f_1602x866.png" width="1456" height="787" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dddece5a-6df0-488d-bda9-e8ca1662155f_1602x866.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:787,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:98716,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/189379253?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdddece5a-6df0-488d-bda9-e8ca1662155f_1602x866.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n0mU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdddece5a-6df0-488d-bda9-e8ca1662155f_1602x866.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n0mU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdddece5a-6df0-488d-bda9-e8ca1662155f_1602x866.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n0mU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdddece5a-6df0-488d-bda9-e8ca1662155f_1602x866.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n0mU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdddece5a-6df0-488d-bda9-e8ca1662155f_1602x866.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The Republican majority in Congress fully supports this &#8220;de-greening&#8221; strategy. <em>&#8220;Under the Biden Administration, the IMF&#8217;s management tried to turn the Fund into a &#8216;World Bank Lite,&#8217; launching initiatives on climate change and social policy. If the Trump Administration wants to pull back on the IMF&#8217;s mission creep, it can start by scrapping the Resilience and Sustainability Facility and focusing on the Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust,&#8221;</em> <a href="https://financialservices.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=409723">stated House Financial Services Committee Chairman French Hill </a>in his opening remarks during the <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0133">hearing of Scott Bessent</a> on May 7, 2025.</p><h3><strong>An Uncertain Future</strong></h3><p>The Center for Global Development (CGD) has noted a &#8220;<em>loss of momentum</em>&#8220; in the RST&#8217;s operations. <em>&#8220;Despite a few large programs in 2025 that absorbed significant financing, it is unlikely that all remaining RSF resources will be utilized by 2026 without adjustments to the facility&#8217;s design features,&#8221;</em> <a href="https://www.cgdev.org/blog/reviving-imfs-resilience-and-sustainability-facility-challenges-and-opportunities-ahead">concluded a report published in October 2025</a>.</p><p>While the very existence of the RST is now publicly challenged by the U.S., its governance is being questioned by others. China and the G24 nations have contested the conditionality attached to these loans. To access the facility, countries must typically have a concurrent IMF-supported program with at least 18 months remaining&#8212;a requirement seen by some as overly restrictive.</p><p>However, a formal overhaul remains unlikely. Any major structural reform requires an 85% supermajority of the total voting power. With a nearly 16.5% share, the United States holds a de facto veto&#8212;a privilege it has no intention of relinquishing.</p><p>The debate is set to intensify in 2026. The IMF is scheduled to publish a comprehensive review of the facility, while the <a href="https://ieo.imf.org/en/-/media/ieo/files/evaluations/ongoing/icc-draft-issues-paper.pdf">Independent Evaluation Office (IEO) will release its own report</a> examining the relevance of integrating climate risks into the Fund&#8217;s core mandate.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/p/the-us-puts-the-imf-under-pressure?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/p/the-us-puts-the-imf-under-pressure?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Le FMI est sous la pression des Etats-Unis]]></title><description><![CDATA[La politique am&#233;ricaine visant &#224; &#8220;d&#233;tricoter&#8221; les programmes finan&#231;ant la lutte contre le changement climatique ne se limite pas &#224; la sc&#232;ne nationale. Le FMI est &#233;galement dans la ligne de mire.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/le-resilience-and-sustainability-fund-onds-monetaire-internationalf</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/le-resilience-and-sustainability-fund-onds-monetaire-internationalf</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 27 Feb 2026 16:23:08 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTZU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936b5e2f-b216-4d01-851a-fd448e602c39_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTZU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936b5e2f-b216-4d01-851a-fd448e602c39_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTZU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936b5e2f-b216-4d01-851a-fd448e602c39_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTZU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936b5e2f-b216-4d01-851a-fd448e602c39_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTZU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936b5e2f-b216-4d01-851a-fd448e602c39_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTZU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936b5e2f-b216-4d01-851a-fd448e602c39_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTZU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936b5e2f-b216-4d01-851a-fd448e602c39_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/936b5e2f-b216-4d01-851a-fd448e602c39_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f2a3720a-c728-4773-abe4-ea6277b931ff_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2352604,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/189365142?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2a3720a-c728-4773-abe4-ea6277b931ff_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTZU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936b5e2f-b216-4d01-851a-fd448e602c39_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTZU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936b5e2f-b216-4d01-851a-fd448e602c39_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTZU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936b5e2f-b216-4d01-851a-fd448e602c39_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTZU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F936b5e2f-b216-4d01-851a-fd448e602c39_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Elle n&#8217;a ind&#233;niablement rien de passionnant. Cependant l&#8217;&#233;tude des reportings trimestriels du Tr&#233;sor sur la <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/international/international-monetary-fund">politique de vote am&#233;ricaine au sein des instances du Fonds mon&#233;taire international</a> (FMI) est &#233;difiante : depuis le mois de f&#233;vrier 2025 et l&#8217;arriv&#233;e au pouvoir de Donald Trump, les Etats-Unis s&#8217;abstiennent ou votent contre l&#8217;essentiel des dossiers int&#233;grant des financements &#233;ligibles au Fonds pour la r&#233;silience et la durabilit&#233; (RST), l&#8217;instrument de l&#8217;extension du mandat du FMI vers les risques de long terme.</p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share Transitions&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share Transitions</span></a></p><p>Cette strat&#233;gie n&#8217;a aucun effet sur la d&#233;cision finale : dans cette instance, la majorit&#233; qualifi&#233;e suffit. Mais elle t&#233;moigne vis-&#224;-vis des membres du conseil d&#8217;administration, vote apr&#232;s vote, de la volont&#233; des Etats-Unis de peser sur la strat&#233;gie du FMI qu&#8217;ils jugent contraire &#224; son mandat originel.</p><h3>La durabilit&#233; sans le climat</h3><p>Le ton a &#233;t&#233; donn&#233; d&#232;s le jour de l&#8217;investiture de Donald Trump. Le d&#233;cret pr&#233;sidentiel intitul&#233; <a href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/01/30/2025-02091/reevaluating-and-realigning-united-states-foreign-aid">&#8220;Reevaluating and Realigning United States Foreign Aid&#8221;</a>, sign&#233; le 20 janvier 2025, a donn&#233; pour mission au secr&#233;taire d&#8217;Etat au Tr&#233;sor de mener une revue des engagements am&#233;ricains dans les institutions financi&#232;res internationales.</p><p>Ce d&#233;cret, qui ne visait pas explicitement le FMI ou la Banque mondiale, a &#233;t&#233; le pr&#233;lude aux prises de position fermes qui ont &#233;maill&#233; l&#8217;ann&#233;e 2025. &#8220;J<em>e n&#8217;ignore pas que la &#8220;durabilit&#233;&#8221; est un terme en vogue dans ces enceintes. Mais je ne parle ni de changement climatique, ni d&#8217;empreinte carbone. Je parle de viabilit&#233; &#233;conomique et financi&#232;re &#8212; cette forme de durabilit&#233; qui permet l&#8217;&#233;l&#233;vation des niveaux de vie et assure le maintien de la liquidit&#233; des march&#233;s. Pour mener &#224; bien leurs missions, les institutions financi&#232;res internationales doivent se concentrer de mani&#232;re exclusive sur la pr&#233;servation de ce type de soutenabilit&#233;</em>,&#8221; <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0094">a ainsi d&#233;clar&#233; Scott Bessent devant l&#8217;IIF</a> (Institute of International Finance), le 23 avril 2025. Le FMI consacre &#8220;<em>un temps et des ressources disproportionn&#233;s pour travailler sur le changement climatique, les probl&#232;mes sociaux et li&#233;s au genre</em>&#8221;, a-t-il ajout&#233;.</p><p>Le secr&#233;taire d&#8217;Etat au Tr&#233;sor a r&#233;it&#233;r&#233; ses reproches d&#232;s le lendemain, cette fois &#224; l&#8217;occasion des r<a href="https://meetings.imf.org/en/-/media/amsm/files/sm2025/imfc/united-states.pdf">encontres de printemps du FMI et de la Banque mondiale</a>. Il a reproch&#233; au Fonds d&#8217;avoir perdu de vue &#8220;<em>les probl&#232;mes macro&#233;conomiques fondamentaux qui ont conduit &#224; sa cr&#233;ation.</em>&#8221;</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AU7A!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc44cb2f7-078a-4e3a-bbf8-e00c0554776d_1602x866.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AU7A!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc44cb2f7-078a-4e3a-bbf8-e00c0554776d_1602x866.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AU7A!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc44cb2f7-078a-4e3a-bbf8-e00c0554776d_1602x866.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AU7A!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc44cb2f7-078a-4e3a-bbf8-e00c0554776d_1602x866.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AU7A!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc44cb2f7-078a-4e3a-bbf8-e00c0554776d_1602x866.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AU7A!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc44cb2f7-078a-4e3a-bbf8-e00c0554776d_1602x866.png" width="1456" height="787" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c44cb2f7-078a-4e3a-bbf8-e00c0554776d_1602x866.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:787,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:99502,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/189365142?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc44cb2f7-078a-4e3a-bbf8-e00c0554776d_1602x866.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AU7A!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc44cb2f7-078a-4e3a-bbf8-e00c0554776d_1602x866.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AU7A!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc44cb2f7-078a-4e3a-bbf8-e00c0554776d_1602x866.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AU7A!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc44cb2f7-078a-4e3a-bbf8-e00c0554776d_1602x866.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AU7A!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc44cb2f7-078a-4e3a-bbf8-e00c0554776d_1602x866.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Le FMI est vu par Washington comme l&#8217;un des instruments de l&#8217;influence am&#233;ricaine. Aussi la dynamique &#224; l&#8217;&#339;uvre n&#8217;est ni celle d&#8217;un retrait ni celle d&#8217;un abandon. Elle correspond davantage &#224; une volont&#233; de red&#233;finition du p&#233;rim&#232;tre du Fonds, &#224; laquelle l&#8217;administration Trump tente de parvenir par un lobbying appuy&#233;, faute de consensus.</p><h3>Un engagement non tenu d&#232;s l&#8217;origine</h3><p>Lanc&#233; en avril 2022, le Fonds pour la r&#233;silience et la durabilit&#233; (RST) vise &#224; transformer le r&#244;le du FMI en &#233;tendant son champ d&#8217;action aux risques macro&#233;conomiques de long terme. Ses piliers reposent sur la fourniture de financements &#224; longue &#233;ch&#233;ance (jusqu&#8217;&#224; 20 ans, contre 3 &#224; 5 ans pour les financements traditionnels du FMI) pour aider les pays pauvres et les nations &#224; revenu interm&#233;diaire &#224; renforcer leur r&#233;silience face au changement climatique et aux futures pand&#233;mies. Le RST est aliment&#233; par le &#8220;recyclage&#8221; des Droits de Tirage Sp&#233;ciaux (DTS) exc&#233;dentaires, issus de l&#8217;allocation g&#233;n&#233;rale de 456 milliards de DTS effectu&#233;e en ao&#251;t 2021 pour aider l&#8217;&#233;conomie mondiale &#224; r&#233;cup&#233;rer de la pand&#233;mie. L&#8217;objectif de capitalisation, fix&#233; &#224; 33 milliards de DTS, a &#233;t&#233; atteint. Gr&#226;ce aux contributions de la Chine, de l&#8217;UE et du Japon, le fonds disposait d&#233;but 2026 d&#8217;environ 32 &#224; 35 milliards de DTS, ce qui correspond &#224; l&#8217;objectif de capitalisation fix&#233; lors de sa cr&#233;ation. Les Etats-Unis n&#8217;ont jamais &#233;t&#233; en mesure de respecter leur engagement &#224; transf&#233;rer 15 milliards de DTS, le Congr&#232;s n&#8217;ayant jamais donn&#233; son accord &#224; l&#8217;op&#233;ration.</p><blockquote><p><strong>&#8220;</strong><em><strong>Nous attendons du FMI qu&#8217;il renforce ses activit&#233;s de surveillance en faisant preuve d&#8217;objectivit&#233; et d&#8217;impartialit&#233;. Ces travaux doivent se recentrer sur la stabilit&#233; macro&#233;conomique et financi&#232;re, au d&#233;triment de domaines &#233;trangers &#224; l&#8217;expertise du Fonds, tels que le climat ou l&#8217;&#233;galit&#233; femme-homme.</strong></em><strong>&#8221; Scott Bessent, secr&#233;taire d&#8217;Etat au Tr&#233;sor US, octobre 2025.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Le Tr&#233;sor US a retir&#233; ce chapitre du <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/266/150s-FY-2026-CBJ.pdf">projet de budget soumis &#224; l&#8217;approbation du Congr&#232;s</a> au mois de mai 2025, ent&#233;rinant le recentrage. Le document ne fait aucune mention au climat ou au RST, contrairement au <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/266/Treasury-International-Programs-FY-2025-CBJ.pdf">rapport de l&#8217;ann&#233;e pr&#233;c&#233;dente</a>.</p><p>La majorit&#233; r&#233;publicaine du Congr&#232;s soutient pleinement cette strat&#233;gie, le RST &#233;tant particuli&#232;rement vis&#233;. &#8220;<em>Si l&#8217;Administration Trump entend mettre un coup d&#8217;arr&#234;t &#224; la d&#233;rive bureaucratique du FMI, elle doit commencer par liquider le Fonds pour la r&#233;silience et la durabilit&#233; et recentrer les efforts sur le fonds de r&#233;duction de la pauvret&#233;</em>,&#8221; <a href="https://financialservices.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=409723">a d&#233;clar&#233; le 7 mai 2025 French Hill,</a> pr&#233;sident de la commission des Services Financiers de la chambre des Repr&#233;sentants, en pr&#233;ambule d&#8217;une <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0133">audition de Scott Bessent</a>.</p><h3>Le verrou des 16,5% : l&#8217;impasse institutionnelle</h3><p>Le CGD (Center for Global Development ) rel&#232;ve un &#8220;<em>essoufflement</em>&#8221; de la dynamique observ&#233;e dans le fonctionnement du RST. &#8220;<em>Malgr&#233; quelques programmes d&#8217;envergure en 2025 ayant mobilis&#233; des montants significatifs, il appara&#238;t peu probable que le solde des ressources de la RSF soit enti&#232;rement engag&#233; d&#8217;ici 2026, sauf &#224; proc&#233;der &#224; des ajustements de ses modalit&#233;s structurelles</em>,&#8221;  <a href="https://www.cgdev.org/blog/reviving-imfs-resilience-and-sustainability-facility-challenges-and-opportunities-ahead">conclut un rapport publi&#233; en octobre 2025</a>.</p><p>Si l&#8217;existence m&#234;me du RST est d&#233;sormais publiquement mise en question par les Etats-Unis, sa gouvernance est questionn&#233;e par d&#8217;autres pays. Les conditions attach&#233;es &#224; l&#8217;octroi de ces financements sont contest&#233;es par la Chine et les pays du G24. Pour acc&#233;der &#224; la facilit&#233;, les pays doivent en effet justifier d&#8217;un programme d&#8217;aide du FMI en cours depuis au moins dix-huit mois.</p><p>Une r&#233;forme, qui suppose de r&#233;unir 85% des droits de vote, appara&#238;t cependant peu probable. Les Etats-Unis disposent de plus de 16% des droits de vote, un privil&#232;ge auxquel ils ne souhaitent pas renoncer et qui leur octroie un droit de veto de fait.</p><p>Une r&#233;forme, qui suppose de r&#233;unir 85% des droits de vote, appara&#238;t cependant peu probable. Les droits de vote dont disposent les Etats-Unis - pr&#232;s de 16,5% - leur octroient un droit de veto de fait.</p><p>Les d&#233;bats devraient n&#233;anmoins se poursuivre en 2026: le FMI doit publier une revue compl&#232;te du dispositif, tandis que <a href="https://ieo.imf.org/en/-/media/ieo/files/evaluations/ongoing/icc-draft-issues-paper.pdf">l&#8217;IEO (Independant Evaluation Office of the IMF) remettra &#233;galement un rapport</a> examinant, notamment, la pertinence de l&#8217;int&#233;gration des enjeux climatiques dans le mandat du Fonds.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/p/le-resilience-and-sustainability-fund-onds-monetaire-internationalf?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/p/le-resilience-and-sustainability-fund-onds-monetaire-internationalf?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Beyond Tariffs: India’s Strategic Pivot in a Fragmented Global Order]]></title><description><![CDATA[By orchestrating a calculated market opening, New Delhi aims to leverage global partnerships to fuel its overarching ambition: long-term industrial sovereignty.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/beyond-tariffs-india-strategic-pivot-sovereignty</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/beyond-tariffs-india-strategic-pivot-sovereignty</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 12 Feb 2026 17:56:11 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dm2x!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dm2x!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dm2x!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dm2x!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dm2x!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dm2x!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dm2x!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png" width="1024" height="359" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:359,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:801407,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/187118212?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dm2x!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dm2x!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dm2x!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dm2x!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd8f3de63-249a-4653-858f-2623f7eec1d0_1024x359.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>In 2025, the Indian economy faced a dual-front squeeze as it grappled with shifting regulatory barriers in the EU and aggressive tariff hikes in the United States..</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>On the American front, the hike in customs duties - reaching up to 50% in August 2025 - severely hampered key export-oriented segments of the Indian economy. The textile sector, which maintains a 29% revenue exposure to the U.S. and remains the country&#8217;s second-largest employer (accounting for 45 million direct and 60 million indirect jobs), saw export volumes plummet by 25%.</p><p>Simultaneously, Indian steel exports to the EU dropped from $7.4 billion to $5.5 billion between 2023 and 2025 - a 25% contraction. This downturn is largely attributed to industrial players pre-emptively adjusting to the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM): a framework projected to erode corporate margins by 15% to 22% upon full implementation.</p><p>To secure its market access, New Delhi has finalized two major trade agreements in record time.</p><h3><strong>Washington: The Diplomacy of Constraint</strong></h3><p>The deal with the United States came at a high price, requiring significant concessions. The most geopolitically and economically charged of these is the cessation of Russian oil imports. While New Delhi has not officially confirmed this commitment, the pivot is already reflected in the data: <a href="https://economic-research.bnpparibas.com/html/fr-FR/Inde-accords-commerciaux-attirer-investissements-etrangers-04/02/2026,53197">imports of U.S. crude surged by over 70% between September and November 2025</a> (source: BNP Paribas Research).</p><p>Prime Minister Narendra Modi aims to absorb the premium&#8212;estimated at $10&#8211;$12 per barrel at current spot prices&#8212;through a rebound in exports facilitated by the trade deal. He argues the agreement provides a critical regional competitive advantage, bringing India&#8217;s average effective tariff rate down from 35.1% to 15.6%, compared to 19% for Vietnam and 16.2% for Thailand, while Chinese imports remain disadvantaged by a 34% duty.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CzOw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F683906b9-b1a6-4b24-b0cd-286a9853bbed_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CzOw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F683906b9-b1a6-4b24-b0cd-286a9853bbed_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CzOw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F683906b9-b1a6-4b24-b0cd-286a9853bbed_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CzOw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F683906b9-b1a6-4b24-b0cd-286a9853bbed_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CzOw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F683906b9-b1a6-4b24-b0cd-286a9853bbed_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CzOw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F683906b9-b1a6-4b24-b0cd-286a9853bbed_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/683906b9-b1a6-4b24-b0cd-286a9853bbed_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a3965ec4-98d2-4e75-a68d-637c3c43132b_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1387022,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;US-India and EU-India FTA economic and demographic footprint&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/187118212?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa3965ec4-98d2-4e75-a68d-637c3c43132b_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="US-India and EU-India FTA economic and demographic footprint" title="US-India and EU-India FTA economic and demographic footprint" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CzOw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F683906b9-b1a6-4b24-b0cd-286a9853bbed_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CzOw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F683906b9-b1a6-4b24-b0cd-286a9853bbed_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CzOw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F683906b9-b1a6-4b24-b0cd-286a9853bbed_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CzOw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F683906b9-b1a6-4b24-b0cd-286a9853bbed_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">caption...</figcaption></figure></div><p>However, domestic opposition has labeled the move a &#8220;<em>capitulation</em>,&#8221; accusing the Prime Minister of sacrificing strategic autonomy under pressure from the White House. The agricultural sector, which contributes over 16% to GDP and employs 45% of the workforce, fears an influx of cheap American agricultural commodities. The Samyukt Kisan Morcha (SKM) union has called for a day of protest on February 12, 2026. &#8203;&#8203;As of today, the national strike is causing significant logistical bottlenecks across Northern India, as protesters demand binding guarantees that the U.S. trade pact will not undermine domestic Minimum Support Price (MSP) mechanisms.</p><p>Defending the pact, Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal emphasized that the dairy sector remains 100% excluded, maintaining a &#8220;<em>red line</em>&#8220; for New Delhi. He argued this interim pact opens a $30 trillion market to Indian exporters, with strategic sectors like basmati rice, tea, and spices gaining zero or highly preferential access. The final framework of the treaty is expected by mid-March 2026.</p><h3><strong>The EU-India Pact: A Blueprint for Structural Synergy</strong></h3><p>In contrast, the relationship with Brussels is framed as a long-term strategic alignment. Following two decades of negotiations and a decisive acceleration in mid-2025, the agreement signed on January 27, 2026, formalizes a structural complementarity.</p><p>&#8220;<em>India exports labour-intensive, downstream and processing-based goods, while the European Union supplies capital goods, advanced technology and industrial inputs,</em>&#8220; <a href="https://www.gtri.co.in/gtriFlagshipReports">summarizes the Indian think tank Global Trade Research Initiative</a> (GTRI).</p><p>This synergy aims to lower production costs without undermining the domestic industrial base. India plans to phase out or reduce tariffs on 96.6% of EU exports, while the EU will do the same for 99.5% of Indian products. The European Commission anticipates annual tariff savings of $4.7 billion, with exports projected to double by 2032. According to Allianz Research, France and Germany stand as the primary beneficiaries.</p><p>Furthermore, India&#8217;s increased involvement in Horizon Europe, announced February 6, signals that the partnership has evolved beyond mere trade into the co-development of &#8220;frontier&#8221; technologies like green hydrogen and AI, alongside regulatory convergence with the 22 associated nations (see below).</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1HKu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fb1fc3a-51cd-4c3a-ab4f-5288b0d317a1_1524x928.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1HKu!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fb1fc3a-51cd-4c3a-ab4f-5288b0d317a1_1524x928.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1HKu!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fb1fc3a-51cd-4c3a-ab4f-5288b0d317a1_1524x928.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1HKu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fb1fc3a-51cd-4c3a-ab4f-5288b0d317a1_1524x928.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1HKu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fb1fc3a-51cd-4c3a-ab4f-5288b0d317a1_1524x928.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1HKu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fb1fc3a-51cd-4c3a-ab4f-5288b0d317a1_1524x928.png" width="1456" height="887" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8fb1fc3a-51cd-4c3a-ab4f-5288b0d317a1_1524x928.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b8f3e7b5-e334-40f7-8f4e-3026c241ebad_1524x928.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:887,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:470864,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/187118212?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb8f3e7b5-e334-40f7-8f4e-3026c241ebad_1524x928.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1HKu!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fb1fc3a-51cd-4c3a-ab4f-5288b0d317a1_1524x928.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1HKu!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fb1fc3a-51cd-4c3a-ab4f-5288b0d317a1_1524x928.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1HKu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fb1fc3a-51cd-4c3a-ab4f-5288b0d317a1_1524x928.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1HKu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fb1fc3a-51cd-4c3a-ab4f-5288b0d317a1_1524x928.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Horizon Europe is the European Union&#8217;s flagship research and innovation framework programme, backed by a budget of over &#8364;93 billion.</figcaption></figure></div><p>While the EU agreement has not been immune to opposition criticism, it is built on a logic of complementarity that <a href="https://www.gtri.co.in/gtriFlagshipReports">experts at the GTRI</a> describe as <strong>&#8220;</strong><em>economically rational</em>.&#8221; <a href="https://www.kielinstitut.de/publications/the-eu-india-trade-deal-strategic-diversification-in-an-era-of-uncertainty-19443/">According to the Kiel Institute</a>, the treaty is set to boost the GDP of both blocs by 0.12% to 0.13% by 2030. Conversely, IRIS (The French Institute for International and Strategic Affairs) <a href="https://www.iris-france.org/en/euindia-questioning-the-grey-areas-of-the-free-trade-agreement/">takes a more critical stance</a>, highlighting the deal&#8217;s numerous &#8220;<em>grey areas</em>&#8221;.</p><h3><strong>The Carbon Tax: Transforming a Diplomatic Hurdle into Leverage?</strong></h3><p>In this &#8216;<em>next-generation</em>&#8217; agreement, as characterized by a Member of the European Parliament, key red lines remained intact. For the EU, waiving the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)&#8212;which transitioned to its definitive payment phase on January 1, 2026&#8212;was non-negotiable. The levy has been a source of persistent diplomatic strain since 2021, as evidenced by India&#8217;s 29 official protests before the WTO (World Trade Organization).</p><p>However, the final negotiations established a phased rollout. Nearly half of Indian steel exports will retain customs duty exemptions while beginning their incremental alignment with the CBAM framework. Furthermore, the EU will invest &#8364;500 million in 2026&#8211;2027 to support the decarbonization of the Indian steel industry, facilitating the transition from coal to low-carbon technologies.</p><p>Crucially, New Delhi secured the activation of Article 9 of the EU regulation. By recognizing the equivalence between India&#8217;s Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) and the EU&#8217;s Emissions Trading System (ETS), India will retain carbon tax revenues domestically to finance its energy transition.</p><h3><strong>US-India: A Regime of Reversible Favors</strong></h3><p>Economic research institutes broadly agree: the Washington-New Delhi pact follows a logic of short-termism. Designed primarily to reduce the U.S. trade deficit, the deal focuses on immediate market openings and serves largely as &#8220;damage control&#8221; following the 2025 tariff wars.</p><p>India has pledged to double its imports of American goods over five years&#8212;from $43 billion to $100 billion&#8212;a target many analysts regard as overly ambitious. This outlook is further clouded by a reversibility clause, which maintains a climate of chronic uncertainty for Indian firms.</p><p>&#8220;<em>The U.S.-India agreement, at least at this point, contains some elastic words that will allow India to do less than Trump says it promised, although that will prompt more threats and bullying</em>,&#8221; <a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/us-india-and-eu-india-trade-agreements-who-won">anticipates the CSIS</a> (Center for Strategic &amp; International Studies).</p><blockquote><p><em>&#8220;The Greenland episode offers a clear lesson to India: trade deals with the U.S. are not a shield against coercion. Tariffs and sanctions can be reimposed regardless of agreements.&#8221; </em>GTRI, January 2026.</p></blockquote><p>The vulnerability of this bilateral relationship was highlighted on February 9, when the Indian textile industry discovered <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/2026/02/joint-statement-on-framework-for-united-states-bangladesh-agreement-on-reciprocal-trade/">a preferential advantage granted to Bangladesh</a>. &#8220;<em>Bangladeshi garment exporters using US cotton can ship qualifying products to the US at zero tariff, while the broader tariff on Bangladeshi exports stands at 19 per cent. India has secured no such carve-out</em>,&#8221; as highlighted by the Indian daily <em>BusinessLine</em>.</p><p>This setback underscores the inherent fragility of a relationship where Washington dispenses favors on an ad hoc basis to serve its own interests, all while strictly enforcing &#8216;Buy American&#8217; mandates. As of 2026, the liberalization of the Indian market is well underway, but preserving economic sovereignty remains a high-stakes balancing act.</p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Commerce : Comment New Delhi orchestre son ouverture]]></title><description><![CDATA[Avec deux accords d&#8217;ampleur syst&#233;mique, l&#8217;Inde confirme son r&#244;le de puissance pivot et amorce une ouverture de son march&#233; pour servir son ambition de souverainet&#233; industrielle.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/commerce-inde-orchestre-ouverture-commerce-marche</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/commerce-inde-orchestre-ouverture-commerce-marche</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 12 Feb 2026 05:26:53 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P3NM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb564a932-2510-4cf1-b634-9753e519dc72_1024x359.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P3NM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb564a932-2510-4cf1-b634-9753e519dc72_1024x359.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P3NM!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb564a932-2510-4cf1-b634-9753e519dc72_1024x359.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P3NM!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb564a932-2510-4cf1-b634-9753e519dc72_1024x359.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P3NM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb564a932-2510-4cf1-b634-9753e519dc72_1024x359.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P3NM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb564a932-2510-4cf1-b634-9753e519dc72_1024x359.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P3NM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb564a932-2510-4cf1-b634-9753e519dc72_1024x359.png" width="1024" height="359" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b564a932-2510-4cf1-b634-9753e519dc72_1024x359.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/86eab489-ef73-4485-812a-5db787685872_1024x359.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:359,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:888708,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/187117181?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3fbd037-23a0-43ec-afee-331dcfffee78_1024x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P3NM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb564a932-2510-4cf1-b634-9753e519dc72_1024x359.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P3NM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb564a932-2510-4cf1-b634-9753e519dc72_1024x359.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P3NM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb564a932-2510-4cf1-b634-9753e519dc72_1024x359.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P3NM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb564a932-2510-4cf1-b634-9753e519dc72_1024x359.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>En 2025, l&#8217;&#233;conomie indienne s&#8217;est retrouv&#233;e prise en &#233;tau entre ses deux partenaires majeurs : l&#8217;Union europ&#233;enne et les &#201;tats-Unis.</p><p>C&#244;t&#233; am&#233;ricain, l&#8217;alourdissement de la fiscalit&#233; douani&#232;re jusqu&#8217;&#224; 50%, en ao&#251;t 2025, a affect&#233; des pans entiers de l&#8217;&#233;conomie indienne. Le secteur textile, qui d&#233;pend &#224; 29% des Etats-Unis pour ses exportations (2e pilier de l&#8217;&#233;conomie apr&#232;s l&#8217;agriculture, il repr&#233;sente environ 45 millions d&#8217;emplois directs et 60 millions d&#8217;emplois indirects), a vu celles-ci chuter de 25%.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Du c&#244;t&#233; de l&#8217;Union europ&#233;enne, les exportations indiennes d&#8217;acier sont pass&#233;es de 7,4 &#224; 5,5 milliards de dollars entre 2023 et 2025, soit une baisse de 25%. Ce recul s&#8217;explique par l&#8217;anticipation des industriels face au M&#233;canisme d&#8217;ajustement carbone aux fronti&#232;res (MACF) : ce dispositif devrait amputer leurs marges de 15 % &#224; 22 % d&#232;s son entr&#233;e en vigueur effective.</p><p>L&#8217;Inde a scell&#233; ces deux trait&#233;s en un temps record pour s&#233;curiser ses d&#233;bouch&#233;s.</p><h3><strong>Washington : La diplomatie de la contrainte</strong></h3><p>Avec les Etats-Unis, l&#8217;Inde a d&#251; faire de nombreuses concessions; l&#8217;arr&#234;t des importations de p&#233;trole russe est l&#8217;une des plus significatives, &#233;conomiquement et diplomatiquement. Si New Delhi n&#8217;a pas confirm&#233; cet engagement, en revanche la baisse des importations russes est d&#233;j&#224; amorc&#233;e au b&#233;n&#233;fice du p&#233;trole am&#233;ricain, <a href="https://economic-research.bnpparibas.com/html/fr-FR/Inde-accords-commerciaux-attirer-investissements-etrangers-04/02/2026,53197">dont les importations ont bondi de plus de 70%</a> entre septembre et novembre 2025 (source: recherche BNP Paribas).</p><p>Narendra Modi esp&#232;re absorber le surco&#251;t - estim&#233; &#224; environ 10 &#224; 12 dollars par baril aux tarifs actuels - par une reprise des exportations, &#224; la faveur d&#8217;un accord qui, estime-t-il, lui assure un avantage comp&#233;titif r&#233;gional.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dDm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1270226a-1a98-4c28-8a38-84354749bbf5_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dDm!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1270226a-1a98-4c28-8a38-84354749bbf5_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dDm!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1270226a-1a98-4c28-8a38-84354749bbf5_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dDm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1270226a-1a98-4c28-8a38-84354749bbf5_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dDm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1270226a-1a98-4c28-8a38-84354749bbf5_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dDm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1270226a-1a98-4c28-8a38-84354749bbf5_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1270226a-1a98-4c28-8a38-84354749bbf5_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/416dfb3f-854d-469a-a617-bff2bbb0188b_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1108239,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Comparaison du poids &#233;conomique et d&#233;mograghique des deux blocs&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/187117181?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F416dfb3f-854d-469a-a617-bff2bbb0188b_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Comparaison du poids &#233;conomique et d&#233;mograghique des deux blocs" title="Comparaison du poids &#233;conomique et d&#233;mograghique des deux blocs" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dDm!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1270226a-1a98-4c28-8a38-84354749bbf5_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dDm!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1270226a-1a98-4c28-8a38-84354749bbf5_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dDm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1270226a-1a98-4c28-8a38-84354749bbf5_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-dDm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1270226a-1a98-4c28-8a38-84354749bbf5_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">En termes de capital humain, les deux blocs sont au coude-&#224;-coude.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Le trait&#233; ram&#232;ne le taux effectif moyen de 35,1 % &#224; 15,6 %, contre respectivement 19% et 16,2% pour le Vietnam et la Tha&#239;lande. Les importations chinoises restent tax&#233;es &#224; 34%.</p><p>Dans les rangs de l&#8217;opposition, le Premier ministre est accus&#233; de &#8220;<em>capitulation</em>&#8221; et d&#8217;avoir sacrifi&#233; l&#8217;autonomie strat&#233;gique du pays sous la pression du pr&#233;sident am&#233;ricain.</p><p>Le monde agricole, qui repr&#233;sente plus de 16% du PIB et emploie 45% de la population active, est en col&#232;re, craignant une invasion de produits am&#233;ricains bon march&#233;. Le syndicat Samyut Kisan Morcha (SKM), fer de lance des manifestations paysannes de 2021, a appel&#233; &#224; une journ&#233;e de gr&#232;ve nationale et de protestation le 12 f&#233;vrier 2026.</p><p>Face &#224; l&#8217;opposition, le ministre de l&#8217;&#201;conomie et de l&#8217;Industrie, Piyush Goyal, mart&#232;le que le secteur laitier reste exclu &#224; 100 %, pr&#233;servant ainsi une &#8220;ligne rouge&#8221; absolue pour New Delhi. Pour faire taire les d&#233;tracteurs qui crient &#224; la capitulation face &#224; Washington, il souligne que ce pacte int&#233;rimaire ouvre un march&#233; colossal de 30 000 milliards de dollars aux exportateurs indiens. Des secteurs strat&#233;giques comme le riz basmati, le th&#233; ou les &#233;pices b&#233;n&#233;ficient d&#233;sormais d&#8217;un acc&#232;s &#224; taux z&#233;ro ou fortement r&#233;duit. Les contours d&#233;finitifs de ce trait&#233;, dont la signature est attendue pour la mi-mars 2026, devraient lever les derni&#232;res zones d&#8217;ombre.</p><h3><strong>Union Europ&#233;enne : Le choix du partenariat structurel</strong></h3><p>A l&#8217;inverse, la relation avec Bruxelles s&#8217;inscrit dans une temporalit&#233; longue. Apr&#232;s vingt ans de n&#233;gociations et une acc&#233;l&#233;ration d&#233;cisive &#224; l&#8217;&#233;t&#233; 2025, l&#8217;accord conclu le 27 janvier dernier vient sceller une compl&#233;mentarit&#233; structurelle. &#8220;<em>L&#8217;Inde exporte des biens &#224; forte intensit&#233; de main-d&#8217;&#339;uvre (...) tandis que l&#8217;Union europ&#233;enne fournit des biens d&#8217;&#233;quipement, des technologies de pointe et des intrants industriels</em>,&#8221; r&#233;sume le think tank indien GTRI (Global Trade Research Initiative). Cette synergie, qui devrait permettre d&#8217;abaisser les co&#251;ts de production sans menacer le tissu industriel local, explique et justifie le p&#233;rim&#232;tre &#233;tendu de l&#8217;accord.</p><p>L&#8217;Inde pr&#233;voit de supprimer ou r&#233;duire ses barri&#232;res douani&#232;res sur 96,6 % des exportations europ&#233;ennes, tandis que l&#8217;UE fera de m&#234;me pour 99,5 % des produits indiens. La Commission europ&#233;enne pr&#233;voit une &#233;conomie annuelle de 4,7 milliards de dollars sur les droits de douane, avec des exportations susceptibles de doubler d&#8217;ici 2032. L&#8217;Allemagne et la France en seraient les principaux b&#233;n&#233;ficiaires, selon la recherche d&#8217;Allianz.</p><p>En parall&#232;le de cet accord, l&#8217;implication croissante de l&#8217;Inde au sein d&#8217;Horizon Europe, annonc&#233;e le 6 f&#233;vrier, montre que le partenariat d&#233;passe d&#233;sormais le simple flux de marchandises pour s&#8217;&#233;tendre &#224; la co-conception de technologies de pointe telles que l&#8217;hydrog&#232;ne vert ou l&#8217;intelligence artificielle, tout en oeuvrant &#224; une convergence normative aux c&#244;t&#233;s des &#201;tats membres et des 22 nations associ&#233;es au programme (voir carte).</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XIPM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fe61e7e-0e8f-4f41-b424-1f46f6d9d510_1537x902.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XIPM!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fe61e7e-0e8f-4f41-b424-1f46f6d9d510_1537x902.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XIPM!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fe61e7e-0e8f-4f41-b424-1f46f6d9d510_1537x902.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XIPM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fe61e7e-0e8f-4f41-b424-1f46f6d9d510_1537x902.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XIPM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fe61e7e-0e8f-4f41-b424-1f46f6d9d510_1537x902.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XIPM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fe61e7e-0e8f-4f41-b424-1f46f6d9d510_1537x902.png" width="1537" height="902" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1fe61e7e-0e8f-4f41-b424-1f46f6d9d510_1537x902.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8cbde125-7409-4320-b888-27f4abfba6a5_1537x902.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:902,&quot;width&quot;:1537,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:543692,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/187117181?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F698148aa-d38e-4706-9ca3-60404e961ca8_1600x1508.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XIPM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fe61e7e-0e8f-4f41-b424-1f46f6d9d510_1537x902.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XIPM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fe61e7e-0e8f-4f41-b424-1f46f6d9d510_1537x902.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XIPM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fe61e7e-0e8f-4f41-b424-1f46f6d9d510_1537x902.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XIPM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fe61e7e-0e8f-4f41-b424-1f46f6d9d510_1537x902.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Horizon Europe est un programme-cadre de l&#8217;Union europ&#233;enne, qui rassemble 22 pays hors UE, et dot&#233; de plus de 93 milliards d&#8217;euros.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Si l&#8217;accord avec l&#8217;UE n&#8217;a pas &#233;chapp&#233; aux critiques de l&#8217;opposition, il repose sur une logique de compl&#233;mentarit&#233; que <a href="https://www.gtri.co.in/gtriFlagshipReports">les experts du think tank indien GTRI</a> (Global Trade and Research Initiative) jugent &#8220;<em>&#233;conomiquement rationnelle</em>&#8220;. <a href="https://www.kielinstitut.de/publications/the-eu-india-trade-deal-strategic-diversification-in-an-era-of-uncertainty-19443/">Selon l&#8217;institut Kiel</a>, ce trait&#233; est de nature &#224; doper le PIB des deux blocs de 0,12 % &#224; 0,13 % d&#8217;ici 2030. L&#8217;IRIS (Institut de Relations Internationales et Strat&#233;giques), plus critique, <a href="https://www.iris-france.org/en/euindia-questioning-the-grey-areas-of-the-free-trade-agreement/">pointe les  nombreuses &#8220;</a><em><a href="https://www.iris-france.org/en/euindia-questioning-the-grey-areas-of-the-free-trade-agreement/">zones grises</a></em><a href="https://www.iris-france.org/en/euindia-questioning-the-grey-areas-of-the-free-trade-agreement/">&#8221;</a> de cet accord.</p><h3><strong>La taxe carbone : un &#233;cueil diplomatique transform&#233; en levier ?</strong></h3><p>Dans cet accord &#8220;<em>de nouvelle g&#233;n&#233;ration</em>&#8221;, ainsi que le pr&#233;sente une parlementaire europ&#233;enne, les lignes rouges ont &#233;t&#233; respect&#233;es. Dans le cas de l&#8217;UE, il &#233;tait exclu de renoncer au M&#233;canisme d&#8217;ajustement carbone aux fronti&#232;res (MACF) - pass&#233; &#224; sa phase de paiement effectif le 1er janvier 2026.</p><p>Ce dispositif envenime les relations indo-europ&#233;ennes depuis son annonce initiale en 2021, l&#8217;Inde ayant d&#233;pos&#233; pas moins de 29 protestations officielles devant l&#8217;OMC.</p><p>Ce point demeure au c&#339;ur des ultimes arbitrages, mais Bruxelles a d&#8217;ores et d&#233;j&#224; consenti &#224; une mise en &#339;uvre graduelle. Ainsi, pr&#232;s de la moiti&#233; des exportations d&#8217;acier b&#233;n&#233;ficiera d&#8217;une exemption des tarifs douaniers traditionnels, tout en commen&#231;ant son assujettissement progressif au MACF. L&#8217;UE investira &#233;galement 500 millions d&#8217;euros en 2026 et 2027 pour soutenir la d&#233;carbonation de la sid&#233;rurgie indienne, facilitant ainsi son passage du charbon vers des technologies bas-carbone plus compatibles avec les exigences du march&#233; europ&#233;en.</p><p>New Delhi a &#233;galement obtenu l&#8217;activation de l&#8217;Article 9 du r&#232;glement europ&#233;en. Par la reconnaissance de l&#8217;&#233;quivalence entre le march&#233; carbone indien (CCTS) et le syst&#232;me communautaire, l&#8217;Inde pourra conserver le produit de la fiscalit&#233; carbone sur son sol pour financer sa propre transition &#233;nerg&#233;tique.</p><p>Enfin, le texte pr&#233;voit un m&#233;canisme de rattrapage : si l&#8217;UE devait accorder des concessions sup&#233;rieures &#224; un autre pays tiers &#224; l&#8217;avenir, l&#8217;Inde en deviendrait automatiquement b&#233;n&#233;ficiaire, s&#233;curisant ainsi son avantage comp&#233;titif sur le long terme.</p><h3><strong>USA-Inde : Un r&#233;gime de faveurs r&#233;versibles</strong></h3><p>En Europe, en Inde comme aux &#201;tats-Unis, les instituts de recherche convergent vers le m&#234;me constat : le pacte Washington-New Delhi r&#233;pond &#224; une logique de court terme. Principalement favorable aux int&#233;r&#234;ts am&#233;ricains, il vise &#224; r&#233;duire le d&#233;ficit commercial des &#201;tats-Unis et &#224; leur ouvrir des d&#233;bouch&#233;s imm&#233;diats. Surtout, il ne fait que limiter une perte de richesse d&#233;j&#224; act&#233;e par la guerre tarifaire de 2025.</p><p>Outre l&#8217;arr&#234;t des achats d&#8217;hydrocarbures russes, l&#8217;Inde s&#8217;est engag&#233;e &#224; doubler ses importations de produits am&#233;ricains en cinq ans, passant de 43 &#224; 100 milliards de dollars &#8212; un bond colossal dont la faisabilit&#233; interroge. Cet horizon est d&#8217;autant plus pr&#233;caire que le texte inclut une clause de r&#233;versibilit&#233;, maintenant les entreprises indiennes dans un climat d&#8217;incertitude chronique. &#8220;<em>L&#8217;accord USA-Inde contient, &#224; ce stade, des termes ambigus qui permettront &#224; l&#8217;Inde d&#8217;en faire moins que ce que Donald Trump pr&#233;tend avoir obtenu &#8212; ce qui ne manquera pas de provoquer, en retour, de nouvelles menaces et pressions</em>,&#8221; <a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/us-india-and-eu-india-trade-agreements-who-won">anticipe le CSIS</a> (Center for Strategic &amp; International Studies).</p><blockquote><p>&#8220;<em>L&#8217;&#233;pisode du Groenland offre une le&#231;on claire &#224; l&#8217;Inde : les accords commerciaux avec les &#201;tats-Unis ne constituent pas un bouclier contre la coercition. Les droits de douane et les sanctions peuvent &#234;tre r&#233;impos&#233;s ind&#233;pendamment des accords sign&#233;s.</em>&#8221; GTRI, 16 janvier 2026.</p></blockquote><p>Le r&#233;veil a d&#8217;ailleurs &#233;t&#233; brutal pour la fili&#232;re textile. &#192; peine rassur&#233;e par l&#8217;all&#233;gement tarifaire, elle d&#233;couvrait <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/2026/02/joint-statement-on-framework-for-united-states-bangladesh-agreement-on-reciprocal-trade/">le 9 f&#233;vrier l&#8217;avantage pr&#233;f&#233;rentiel accord&#233; au voisin bangladais</a>. &#8220;<em>Les exportateurs de v&#234;tements bangladais utilisant du coton am&#233;ricain peuvent d&#233;sormais exp&#233;dier leurs produits certifi&#233;s vers les &#201;tats-Unis avec des droits de douane nuls (0 %), alors que le tarif global sur les exportations bangladaises s&#8217;&#233;l&#232;ve &#224; 19 %. L&#8217;Inde n&#8217;a obtenu aucune d&#233;rogation de ce type</em>&#8221;, souligne le quotidien indien BusinessLine.</p><p>Ce revers illustre la fragilit&#233; d&#8217;une relation o&#249; Washington distille ses faveurs au gr&#233; de ses int&#233;r&#234;ts, tout en imposant l&#8217;exigence du <em>Buy American</em>.</p><p>En 2026, l&#8217;ouverture du march&#233; indien est lanc&#233;e, mais la pr&#233;servation de sa souverainet&#233; reste un exercice d&#8217;&#233;quilibriste.</p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Carbon Markets: States Resist Federal Overreach]]></title><description><![CDATA[Survival of the price: How carbon pricing is navigating federal sabotage and a protectionist pivot, regardless of &#8220;climate hoax&#8221; claims.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/carbon-markets-states-resist-federal-overreach</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/carbon-markets-states-resist-federal-overreach</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 23 Jan 2026 18:50:35 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_oH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_oH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_oH!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_oH!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_oH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_oH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_oH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2049858,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/185538723?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_oH!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_oH!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_oH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_oH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639d9e4f-b6b8-434a-8246-5678b6d11cca_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>In the United States, the withdrawal from the Paris Agreement&#8212;formalized on January 20, 2025, and effective as of January 27, 2026&#8212;was merely the opening act of a systematic dismantling of federal and local climate frameworks.</p><p>Our <a href="https://www.transitions.news/p/ai-ideology-usa-energy-policy-wind-solar-nuclear-grid?r=4qi2zc">previous edition of </a><em><a href="https://www.transitions.news/p/ai-ideology-usa-energy-policy-wind-solar-nuclear-grid?r=4qi2zc">Transitions</a></em> explored federal energy policy and its potential failure to keep pace with surging electricity demand. Washington is also targeting local carbon markets.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>The tone was set by the <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/04/protecting-american-energy-from-state-overreach/">Presidential Executive Order of April 8, 2025</a> (&#8220;<em>Protecting American Energy From State Overreach</em>&#8221;). The text explicitly denounces California&#8217;s &#8220;<em>radical requirements</em>&#8221; and directs the Attorney General to identify all local policies imposing &#8220;<em>carbon penalties or taxes</em>.&#8221; Under the leadership of the Department of Justice (DoJ), <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/06/climate/trump-climate-change-state-lawsuits.html?searchResultPosition=1">a &#8220;</a><em><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/06/climate/trump-climate-change-state-lawsuits.html?searchResultPosition=1">flood the zone</a></em><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/06/climate/trump-climate-change-state-lawsuits.html?searchResultPosition=1">&#8221; approach</a> is underway to paralyze state-level climate initiatives.</p><p><strong>Emission Data: A Strategy of Blindness</strong></p><p>A major turning point occurred on September 12, 2025, when the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed <a href="https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-releases-proposal-end-burdensome-costly-greenhouse-gas-reporting-program-saving-24">terminating the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP)</a>. This program, which centralizes and standardizes emission data from over 8,000 industrial facilities, serves as the indispensable data backbone for carbon market operations.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Active carbon markets in the US in 2026&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Active carbon markets in the US in 2026" title="Active carbon markets in the US in 2026" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Eleven states are members of the RGGI (Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative), established in 2005.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Faced with the risk of technical collapse&#8212;legal proceedings are currently under review&#8212;contingency plans are being deployed. The State of New York responded as early as December 1, 2025, <a href="https://dec.ny.gov/environmental-protection/air-quality/mandatory-greenhouse-gas-reporting">by establishing its own reporting system</a>. Both Washington State and New York are currently developing digital infrastructures to replace the EPA&#8217;s tools.</p><p><strong>RGGI Buffeted by Local Political Volatility</strong></p><p>Carbon markets are increasingly caught in the political crossfire. In Pennsylvania, Democratic Governor Josh Shapiro was forced to resolve his state&#8217;s exit from the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) in November 2025 to unblock the 2025-2026 budget, following 135 days of Republican obstruction. &#8220;I<em>t&#8217;s time to look forward &#8211; and I&#8217;m going to be aggressive about pushing for policies that create more jobs in the energy sector, bring more clean energy onto the grid, and reduce the cost of energy for Pennsylvanians</em>,&#8221; he stated.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C27z!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F249e50da-23c1-466a-aea8-eb716d43e72d_1550x870.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C27z!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F249e50da-23c1-466a-aea8-eb716d43e72d_1550x870.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C27z!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F249e50da-23c1-466a-aea8-eb716d43e72d_1550x870.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C27z!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F249e50da-23c1-466a-aea8-eb716d43e72d_1550x870.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C27z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F249e50da-23c1-466a-aea8-eb716d43e72d_1550x870.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C27z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F249e50da-23c1-466a-aea8-eb716d43e72d_1550x870.png" width="1456" height="817" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/249e50da-23c1-466a-aea8-eb716d43e72d_1550x870.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:817,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:170444,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;US Carbon Credit Prices as of January 22, 2026&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/185538723?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F249e50da-23c1-466a-aea8-eb716d43e72d_1550x870.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="US Carbon Credit Prices as of January 22, 2026" title="US Carbon Credit Prices as of January 22, 2026" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C27z!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F249e50da-23c1-466a-aea8-eb716d43e72d_1550x870.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C27z!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F249e50da-23c1-466a-aea8-eb716d43e72d_1550x870.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C27z!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F249e50da-23c1-466a-aea8-eb716d43e72d_1550x870.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C27z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F249e50da-23c1-466a-aea8-eb716d43e72d_1550x870.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Conversely, in Virginia, newly inaugurated Governor Abigail Spanbergermade rejoining RGGI her first official act upon taking office. &#8220;<em>RGGI generated hundreds of millions of dollars for Virginia &#8212; dollars that went directly to flood mitigation, energy efficiency programs, and lowering bills for families who need help most.  Withdrawing from RGGI did not lower energy costs. In fact, the opposite happened &#8212; it just took money out of Virginia&#8217;s pocket. It is time to fix that mistake</em>,&#8221; <a href="https://www.governor.virginia.gov/newsroom/news-releases/2026/january-releases/name-1111414-en.html">she declared on January 19, 2026</a>. The state had previously withdrawn from the market at the end of 2023.</p><p><strong>Toward a &#8220;Made in GOP&#8221; Carbon Tax?</strong></p><p>The current administration&#8217;s policy is not without its contradictions. On one hand, the Department of the Interior (DoI) is multiplying hurdles for wind projects <a href="https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/department-interior-curbs-preferential-treatment-wind-energy">invoking wildlife conservation concerns</a> to impede progress.</p><p>On the other, a faction of Senate Republicans is not ruling out crossing the carbon tax Rubicon&#8212;for protectionist reasons. Two bills&#8212;the <a href="https://bipartisanpolicy.org/explainer/understanding-the-foreign-pollution-fee-act-of-2025/">bipartisan</a> <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/1325/text">Foreign Pollution Fee Act (FPFA)</a> and the Democratic-led <a href="https://www.epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?a=files.serve&amp;File_id=5C7EA0CD-529D-4532-B681-E583F814A2AD">Clean Competition Act (CCA)</a>, first introduced in 2023&#8212;could be placed on the legislative agenda if the <a href="https://www.scotusblog.com/cases/case-files/learning-resources-inc-v-trump/">Supreme Court limits presidential authority over discretionary tariffs</a>.</p><p>&#8220;<em>Despite purporting to address this problem, the Trump Administration&#8217;s illegal IEEPA tariffs have created economic chaos and worsened many of the underlying dynamics.  Congress should set fairer, more predictable trade rules that support a race to the top for global decarbonization</em>,&#8221; the CCA&#8217;s policy brief states.</p><p>Paradoxically, while the Trump administration&#8217;s rhetoric dismisses climate change as a &#8220;<em>hoax&#8221;</em>, it remains a strategic lever. The current dismantling of local carbon markets does not preclude an opportunistic federal pricing scheme, provided it serves to legitimize tariffs and anchor <a href="https://budgetmodel.wharton.upenn.edu/issues/2026/1/15/effective-tariff-rates-and-revenues-updated-january-15-2026">projected budget revenues</a>.</p><p></p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Marchés carbone : les Etats face au rouleau compresseur fédéral]]></title><description><![CDATA[Entre les tentatives de d&#233;mant&#232;lement f&#233;d&#233;ral et l'opportunisme protectionniste, la tarification du carbone survit au &#171; hoax &#187; climatique.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/offensive-washington-carbone-federalisme</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/offensive-washington-carbone-federalisme</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 23 Jan 2026 15:08:58 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gGs4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F75a3347b-4adf-412a-a1d2-b5eef4779a8b_1376x768.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gGs4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F75a3347b-4adf-412a-a1d2-b5eef4779a8b_1376x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gGs4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F75a3347b-4adf-412a-a1d2-b5eef4779a8b_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gGs4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F75a3347b-4adf-412a-a1d2-b5eef4779a8b_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gGs4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F75a3347b-4adf-412a-a1d2-b5eef4779a8b_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gGs4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F75a3347b-4adf-412a-a1d2-b5eef4779a8b_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gGs4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F75a3347b-4adf-412a-a1d2-b5eef4779a8b_1376x768.png" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/75a3347b-4adf-412a-a1d2-b5eef4779a8b_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/301820af-b877-4294-8cb9-32bcd2036819_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2049858,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/185523981?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F301820af-b877-4294-8cb9-32bcd2036819_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gGs4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F75a3347b-4adf-412a-a1d2-b5eef4779a8b_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gGs4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F75a3347b-4adf-412a-a1d2-b5eef4779a8b_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gGs4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F75a3347b-4adf-412a-a1d2-b5eef4779a8b_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gGs4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F75a3347b-4adf-412a-a1d2-b5eef4779a8b_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Aux &#201;tats-Unis, la sortie de l&#8217;Accord de Paris, act&#233;e le 20 janvier 2025 et effective &#224; partir du 27 janvier 2026, n&#8217;a &#233;t&#233; que le premier acte d&#8217;un d&#233;mant&#232;lement syst&#233;matique des dispositifs f&#233;d&#233;raux et locaux de lutte contre le changement climatique.</p><p>La <a href="https://www.transitions.news/p/ia-vs-ideologie-energie-usa?r=4qi2zc">pr&#233;c&#233;dente publication de Transitions</a> traitait de la politique f&#233;d&#233;rale de l&#8217;&#233;nergie, et de sa potentielle incapacit&#233; &#224; r&#233;pondre &#224; l&#8217;augmentation de la demande en &#233;lectricit&#233;. Les march&#233;s locaux d&#8217;&#233;changes de cr&#233;dits carbone sont &#233;galement dans le viseur de Washington.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Le <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/04/protecting-american-energy-from-state-overreach/">d&#233;cret pr&#233;sidentiel du 8 avril 2025</a> (&#8220;Protecting American Energy From State Overreach&#8221;) a donn&#233; le ton. Le texte d&#233;nonce explicitement les &#8220;<em>exigences radicales de la Californie</em>&#8221; et ordonne au Procureur G&#233;n&#233;ral d'identifier toutes les politiques locales imposant des &#8220;<em>p&#233;nalit&#233;s ou taxes carbone</em>.&#8221;</p><p>Sous la houlette du DoJ (Department of Justice), une <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/06/climate/trump-climate-change-state-lawsuits.html?searchResultPosition=1">strat&#233;gie de &#8220;</a><em><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/06/climate/trump-climate-change-state-lawsuits.html?searchResultPosition=1">saturation juridique</a></em><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/06/climate/trump-climate-change-state-lawsuits.html?searchResultPosition=1">&#8221;</a> est &#224; l'&#339;uvre pour paralyser les initiatives climatiques des &#201;tats.</p><h3>Donn&#233;es d'&#233;missions : la strat&#233;gie de l'aveuglement</h3><p>Un tournant majeur a &#233;t&#233; pris le 12 septembre 2025, lorsque l&#8217;EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) <a href="https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-releases-proposal-end-burdensome-costly-greenhouse-gas-reporting-program-saving-24">a propos&#233; de mettre fin au Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP)</a>. Ce programme, qui centralise les donn&#233;es d'&#233;missions de plus de 8 000 installations industrielles, et en garantit la standardisation, est le socle technique indispensable au fonctionnement des march&#233;s carbone.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/683cbd1e-38d0-458f-b0eb-33f6383d6271_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1092752,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;March&#233;s de cr&#233;dit carbone actifs aux Etats-Unis en 2026&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/185523981?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F683cbd1e-38d0-458f-b0eb-33f6383d6271_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="March&#233;s de cr&#233;dit carbone actifs aux Etats-Unis en 2026" title="March&#233;s de cr&#233;dit carbone actifs aux Etats-Unis en 2026" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YIGE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72d5ce9a-6c13-461c-9384-216823037be9_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">11 Etats sont membres de la RGGI (Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative), cr&#233;&#233;e en 2005</figcaption></figure></div><p>Face &#224; ce risque d'effondrement technique - des recours ont &#233;t&#233; form&#233;s et sont en cours d&#8217;examen -, la r&#233;sistance s&#8217;organise : ainsi l&#8217;Etat de New York a r&#233;agi d&#232;s le 1er d&#233;cembre 2025 en instaurant <a href="https://dec.ny.gov/environmental-protection/air-quality/mandatory-greenhouse-gas-reporting">son propre syst&#232;me de d&#233;claration</a>. Washington comme New York d&#233;veloppent actuellement une infrastructure num&#233;rique pour remplacer les outils de l&#8217;EPA.</p><h3>La RGGI subit les al&#233;as politiques locaux</h3><p>Les march&#233;s du carbone s&#8217;invitent eux aussi dans le d&#233;bat politique. En Pennsylvanie, le gouverneur d&#233;mocrate Josh Shapiro a d&#251; se r&#233;soudre &#224; quitter la RGGI (Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative) en novembre 2025 pour d&#233;bloquer son budget 2025-2026, au terme de 135 jours d&#8217;obstruction r&#233;publicaine. &#8220;<em>Il est temps de regarder vers l&#8217;avenir - et je serai d&#233;termin&#233; &#224; d&#233;fendre des politiques ambitieuses qui cr&#233;ent des emplois dans le secteur de l&#8217;&#233;nergie, acc&#233;l&#232;rent l&#8217;int&#233;gration des &#233;nergies propres dans le r&#233;seau et font baisser le co&#251;t de l&#8217;&#233;nergie pour les habitants de Pennsylvanie</em>,&#8221; a-t-il d&#233;clar&#233;.</p><p>&#192; l&#8217;inverse, en Virginie, la nouvelle gouverneure Abigail Spanberger a fait du retour dans la RGGI son premier acte symbolique lors de sa prise de fonctions. &#8220;<em>Le RGGI a g&#233;n&#233;r&#233; des centaines de millions de dollars pour la Virginie &#8212; des ressources qui ont &#233;t&#233; directement investies dans la pr&#233;vention des inondations, les programmes d&#8217;efficacit&#233; &#233;nerg&#233;tique et la baisse des factures pour les familles qui en ont le plus besoin. Se retirer du RGGI n&#8217;a en rien fait baisser le co&#251;t de l&#8217;&#233;nergie. Bien au contraire : cette d&#233;cision a priv&#233; la Virginie de ressources pr&#233;cieuses. Il est temps de corriger cette erreur,</em>&#8221; <a href="https://www.governor.virginia.gov/newsroom/news-releases/2026/january-releases/name-1111414-en.html">a-t-elle d&#233;clar&#233; le 19 janvier 2026</a>. L&#8217;&#201;tat s&#8217;&#233;tait retir&#233; du march&#233; fin 2023.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2bkk!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc33f4a7d-407e-489c-b896-75d64a7fb73b_1556x906.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2bkk!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc33f4a7d-407e-489c-b896-75d64a7fb73b_1556x906.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2bkk!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc33f4a7d-407e-489c-b896-75d64a7fb73b_1556x906.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2bkk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc33f4a7d-407e-489c-b896-75d64a7fb73b_1556x906.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2bkk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc33f4a7d-407e-489c-b896-75d64a7fb73b_1556x906.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2bkk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc33f4a7d-407e-489c-b896-75d64a7fb73b_1556x906.png" width="1456" height="848" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c33f4a7d-407e-489c-b896-75d64a7fb73b_1556x906.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:848,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:172275,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/185523981?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc33f4a7d-407e-489c-b896-75d64a7fb73b_1556x906.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2bkk!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc33f4a7d-407e-489c-b896-75d64a7fb73b_1556x906.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2bkk!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc33f4a7d-407e-489c-b896-75d64a7fb73b_1556x906.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2bkk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc33f4a7d-407e-489c-b896-75d64a7fb73b_1556x906.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2bkk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc33f4a7d-407e-489c-b896-75d64a7fb73b_1556x906.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3><strong>Vers une taxe carbone "Made in GOP" ?</strong></h3><p>La politique de l&#8217;administration actuelle n&#8217;est pas exempte de contradictions. D'un c&#244;t&#233;, le Department of the Interior (DoI) multiplie les obstacles aux projets &#233;oliens <a href="https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/department-interior-curbs-preferential-treatment-wind-energy">sous couvert de protection de la faune migratoire</a>.</p><p>De l&#8217;autre, une partie du camp r&#233;publicain au S&#233;nat n&#8217;exclut pas franchir le Rubicon de la taxe carbone... pour des raisons protectionnistes. Deux projets de lois - un <a href="https://bipartisanpolicy.org/explainer/understanding-the-foreign-pollution-fee-act-of-2025/">projet bipartisan</a>, <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/1325/text">la Foreign Pollution Fee Act (FPFA)</a>, et un projet d&#233;mocrate d&#233;pos&#233; pour la premi&#232;re fois en 2023, la <a href="https://www.epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?a=files.serve&amp;File_id=5C7EA0CD-529D-4532-B681-E583F814A2AD">Clean Competition Act (CCA)</a> - pourraient &#234;tre mis &#224; l&#8217;agenda, si la <a href="https://www.scotusblog.com/cases/case-files/learning-resources-inc-v-trump/">Cour Supr&#234;me devait limiter les pouvoirs pr&#233;sidentiels</a> en mati&#232;re de fixation de droits de douane.</p><p>&#8220;<em>Bien que se pr&#233;sentant comme une r&#233;ponse &#224; ce probl&#232;me, les droits de douane ill&#233;gaux impos&#233;s par l&#8217;administration Trump en vertu de l&#8217;IEEPA ont engendr&#233; un chaos &#233;conomique et aggrav&#233; nombre des dynamiques sous-jacentes. Le Congr&#232;s devrait &#233;tablir des r&#232;gles commerciales plus &#233;quitables et pr&#233;visibles, favorisant une course vers l&#8217;excellence en mati&#232;re de d&#233;carbonation &#224; l&#8217;&#233;chelle mondiale</em>,&#8221; peut-on lire dans la pr&#233;sentation de la CCA.</p><p>Paradoxalement, le &#8220;<em>hoax</em>&#8221; qu&#8217;est le changement climatique, dans la rh&#233;torique utilis&#233;e par le pr&#233;sident Trump, pourrait conserver un r&#244;le de variable d&#8217;ajustement. Si l'administration am&#233;ricaine s'attache &#224; d&#233;manteler les march&#233;s carbone locaux, elle n'exclut pas une tarification opportuniste du carbone si celle-ci lui permettait de l&#233;gitimer ses droits de douane et <a href="https://budgetmodel.wharton.upenn.edu/issues/2026/1/15/effective-tariff-rates-and-revenues-updated-january-15-2026">assurer ainsi les recettes budg&#233;taires</a> annonc&#233;es.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[AI vs. Ideology: When Energy Policy Meets Demand Reality]]></title><description><![CDATA[As Washington rolls back the Inflation Reduction Act, its energy doctrine is colliding with a more powerful constraint: surging electricity demand driven by AI and industrial electrification.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/ai-ideology-usa-energy-policy-wind-solar-nuclear-grid</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/ai-ideology-usa-energy-policy-wind-solar-nuclear-grid</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 16 Jan 2026 12:41:36 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OK5x!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3a61ba-d96c-4cde-96b0-89e06cb9cb3a_1376x768.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OK5x!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3a61ba-d96c-4cde-96b0-89e06cb9cb3a_1376x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OK5x!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3a61ba-d96c-4cde-96b0-89e06cb9cb3a_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OK5x!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3a61ba-d96c-4cde-96b0-89e06cb9cb3a_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OK5x!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3a61ba-d96c-4cde-96b0-89e06cb9cb3a_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OK5x!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3a61ba-d96c-4cde-96b0-89e06cb9cb3a_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OK5x!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3a61ba-d96c-4cde-96b0-89e06cb9cb3a_1376x768.png" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1e3a61ba-d96c-4cde-96b0-89e06cb9cb3a_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6fb45ae8-3b2d-4323-a77b-7e733f2f1ca1_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2459950,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/184749391?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fb45ae8-3b2d-4323-a77b-7e733f2f1ca1_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OK5x!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3a61ba-d96c-4cde-96b0-89e06cb9cb3a_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OK5x!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3a61ba-d96c-4cde-96b0-89e06cb9cb3a_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OK5x!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3a61ba-d96c-4cde-96b0-89e06cb9cb3a_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OK5x!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3a61ba-d96c-4cde-96b0-89e06cb9cb3a_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>While the slogan &#8216;<em>Make Coal Great Again</em>&#8216; defined Donald Trump&#8217;s first term, his second administration, though not abandoning coal, is pivoting toward gas and nuclear power at the expense of renewable energy, which it deems inefficient.</p><p><strong>From Green to Great: The MAGA Policy Reset</strong></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>From 2022 onward, the uncapped tax credits of the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) catalyzed a surge in renewable energy development, sidelining fossil fuels.</p><p>The <em>One Big Beautiful Bill Act</em> (OBBBA), enacted on July 4, 2025, has largely dismantled this framework. While geothermal remains comparatively insulated, solar and wind face sharply constrained eligibility windows. Projects that fail to reach a material construction milestone by July 2026, or that are not operational by year-end 2027, are excluded from subsidy support &#8212; a material shock to late-stage development pipelines.</p><blockquote><p><em>Beyond ideology, the Trump administration has justified this reversal on fiscal grounds. Initial CBO estimates put the ten-year cost of the IRA at USD 391 billion; revised projections now range from USD 800 billion (Brookings) to nearly USD 1 trillion by 2032 under the Penn Wharton Budget Model, raising concerns over long-term budgetary sustainability.</em></p></blockquote><p>Capital markets reacted early. Even prior to the OBBBA&#8217;s enactment, wind and solar investment fell 18% year-on-year in the first half of 2025, to roughly USD 35 billion, according to a <a href="https://www.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/renewable-energy/renewable-energy-industry-outlook.html">Deloitte report published in October 2025</a>.</p><h3><strong>The Land-Use Lever: How Density Rules Block Green Energy</strong></h3><p>Fiscal tightening has been compounded by land-use constraints. <a href="https://www.doi.gov/document-library/secretary-order/so-3438-managing-federal-energy-resources-and-protecting">Since August 1, 2025, the Department of the Interior</a> has required renewable projects proposed on federal land or waters to demonstrate capacity density comparable to dispatchable assets such as gas or nuclear. Given their physical footprint, solar and wind are effectively disqualified &#8212; introducing a de facto siting barrier rather than an explicit ban.</p><p>The administration has also escalated its stance offshore. Five wind projects were cancelled in December 2025 on &#8220;national security&#8221; grounds, opening a new legal front. While recent court rulings &#8212; including January 2026 victories for &#216;rsted and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/15/climate/empire-wind-court-ruling.html">Equinor</a> &#8212; have favoured developers, White House spokeswoman Taylor Rogers affirmed that the administration will <strong>&#8220;</strong><em>keep fighting offshore wind projects</em><strong>&#8221;</strong> and looks &#8220;<em>forward to ultimate victory on the issue</em>.&#8221;</p><p>The SPEED Act, passed by the House in late 2025, further entrenches this asymmetry. Framed as a permitting reform &#8212; with average approval times exceeding 50 months, according to Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory &#8212; a late amendment explicitly favours pipelines and small modular reactors (SMRs). Jason Grumet, CEO of the American Clean Power Association, has criticised the bill for violating the principle of technology neutrality and withdrawn industry support. Senate consideration is expected in Q1 2026.</p><h3><strong>Rising demand, constrained supply</strong></h3><p>This policy direction collides with a structural shift in demand. After nearly two decades of stagnation, U.S. electricity consumption began rising sharply in 2023. The acceleration is being driven by AI and data-intensive infrastructure: datacenters accounted for 4.4% of U.S. electricity demand in 2023 and could reach 12% by 2028, according to Berkeley Lab.</p><p>S&amp;P Global estimates a generation capacity shortfall of approximately 15 GW by 2028. Near-term responses remain tactical rather than structural: delayed coal retirements, selective nuclear restarts, and incremental optimisation of existing assets.</p><p>Meanwhile, more than <a href="https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2025-12/queued_up_2025_edition_12.15.2025.pdf">2,600 GW of projects remain stuck in interconnection</a> and permitting queues &#8212; 85% of which are solar, wind, and battery storage.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fHzu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79da6eb2-cb1a-47f9-b92b-27b9fed13a00_3306x1890.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fHzu!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79da6eb2-cb1a-47f9-b92b-27b9fed13a00_3306x1890.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fHzu!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79da6eb2-cb1a-47f9-b92b-27b9fed13a00_3306x1890.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fHzu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79da6eb2-cb1a-47f9-b92b-27b9fed13a00_3306x1890.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fHzu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79da6eb2-cb1a-47f9-b92b-27b9fed13a00_3306x1890.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fHzu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79da6eb2-cb1a-47f9-b92b-27b9fed13a00_3306x1890.png" width="1456" height="832" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/79da6eb2-cb1a-47f9-b92b-27b9fed13a00_3306x1890.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:832,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:313076,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;US electric generating capacity by energy source&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/184749391?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79da6eb2-cb1a-47f9-b92b-27b9fed13a00_3306x1890.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="US electric generating capacity by energy source" title="US electric generating capacity by energy source" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fHzu!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79da6eb2-cb1a-47f9-b92b-27b9fed13a00_3306x1890.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fHzu!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79da6eb2-cb1a-47f9-b92b-27b9fed13a00_3306x1890.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fHzu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79da6eb2-cb1a-47f9-b92b-27b9fed13a00_3306x1890.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fHzu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79da6eb2-cb1a-47f9-b92b-27b9fed13a00_3306x1890.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Latest EIA data show that most net capacity additions through 2027 are expected to come from renewables.</figcaption></figure></div><p>From a system-cost perspective, <a href="https://www.lazard.com/research-insights/levelized-cost-of-energyplus-lcoeplus/">renewables retain a decisive advantage</a>. Solar and storage can be deployed within 12 to 24 months, compared with 4 to 6 years for gas-fired plants and at least 8 to 12 years for next-generation nuclear, including SMRs.</p><p>In its January 13 outlook, <a href="https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/steo/">the EIA projects that capacity growth through 2027</a> will be driven overwhelmingly by solar, wind, and batteries. Gas and nuclear capacity remain broadly flat, while coal continues its structural decline (see chart).</p><h3><strong>The Supply Shock: A Dogma Under Pressure</strong></h3><p>What is emerging is less a clean-energy retreat than a confrontation between ideology and system physics. As U.S. household electricity bills have risen markedly over the past two years, energy affordability is becoming a political constraint &#8212; particularly ahead of the midterms. In several states, <a href="https://www.wsj.com/business/energy-oil/be-prepared-to-keep-paying-more-for-electricity-31462755">voter backlash over energy costs</a> may already be contributing to recent Republican setbacks at the local level.</p><p>The White House&#8217;s National Energy Dominance Council now <a href="https://www.wsj.com/business/energy-oil/trump-to-propose-plan-for-tech-companies-to-fund-new-power-plants-79768f79">seeks to compel PJM Interconnection</a> &#8212; the grid operator for thirteen Eastern states &#8212; to establish dedicated power auctions, forcing Big Tech firms to contribute to the funding of new generation capacity. This initiative, announced on January 16, underscores the fundamental tension at the heart of U.S. strategy: while renewables are being politically sidelined, the administration implicitly acknowledges that the AI boom is creating a structural imbalance, the cost of which it refuses to pass on to voters.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/p/ai-ideology-usa-energy-policy-wind-solar-nuclear-grid/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/p/ai-ideology-usa-energy-policy-wind-solar-nuclear-grid/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[IA vs Idéologie : Le grand bras de fer de l’énergie américaine]]></title><description><![CDATA[Entre d&#233;mant&#232;lement de l&#8217;Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) et urgence industrielle, le dogme &#233;nerg&#233;tique de Washington pourrait &#234;tre confront&#233; &#224; un autre imp&#233;ratif, celui de la demande.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/ia-vs-ideologie-energie-usa</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/ia-vs-ideologie-energie-usa</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 15 Jan 2026 10:58:16 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2nuN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd96d575-5d50-4140-8b62-6170df6267d0_1376x768.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2nuN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd96d575-5d50-4140-8b62-6170df6267d0_1376x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2nuN!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd96d575-5d50-4140-8b62-6170df6267d0_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2nuN!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd96d575-5d50-4140-8b62-6170df6267d0_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2nuN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd96d575-5d50-4140-8b62-6170df6267d0_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2nuN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd96d575-5d50-4140-8b62-6170df6267d0_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2nuN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd96d575-5d50-4140-8b62-6170df6267d0_1376x768.png" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bd96d575-5d50-4140-8b62-6170df6267d0_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4b2bdc77-8cb6-4b81-b6c5-1b78d9755084_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2459950,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/184566866?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b2bdc77-8cb6-4b81-b6c5-1b78d9755084_1376x768.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2nuN!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd96d575-5d50-4140-8b62-6170df6267d0_1376x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2nuN!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd96d575-5d50-4140-8b62-6170df6267d0_1376x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2nuN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd96d575-5d50-4140-8b62-6170df6267d0_1376x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2nuN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd96d575-5d50-4140-8b62-6170df6267d0_1376x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Le slogan &#8220;Make Coal Great Again&#8221; a r&#233;sonn&#233; pendant le premier mandat de Donald Trump. &#8220;Trump 2&#8221;, sans renoncer au charbon, veut acc&#233;l&#233;rer le d&#233;veloppement du gaz et du nucl&#233;aire, au d&#233;triment d&#8217;&#233;nergies renouvelables jug&#233;es peu efficaces.</p><h3><strong>Un dogme solidement ancr&#233; dans la doctrine MAGA</strong></h3><p>A partir de 2022, les cr&#233;dits d&#8217;imp&#244;ts non plafonn&#233;s de l&#8217;IRA (Inflation Reduction Act) avaient stimul&#233; et acc&#233;l&#233;r&#233; le d&#233;veloppement des &#233;nergies renouvelables, au d&#233;triment des &#233;nergies fossiles.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Le &#8220;One Big Beautiful Bill Act&#8221; (OBBBA) adopt&#233; le 4 juillet 2025 a mis fin &#224; l&#8217;essentiel des subventions. Si la g&#233;othermie reste relativement &#233;pargn&#233;e, le solaire et l&#8217;&#233;olien voient leurs fen&#234;tres d&#8217;&#233;ligibilit&#233; se refermer. Tout projet n&#8217;ayant pas atteint un stade de construction significatif avant juillet 2026, ou non op&#233;rationnel d&#8217;ici fin 2027, sera exclu du r&#233;gime de subventions.</p><blockquote><p>Au-del&#224; de la posture id&#233;ologique, l'administration Trump a pris des mesures pour enrayer l'insoutenabilit&#233; budg&#233;taire de l'IRA. Alors que le CBO (Congressional Budget Office) tablait initialement sur un co&#251;t sur 10 ans de 391 milliards de dollars, le co&#251;t budg&#233;taire r&#233;el projet&#233; de l&#8217;IRA &#224; 2032 va de 800 milliards de dollars (Brookings) &#224; 1 000 milliards de dollars selon le Penn Wharton Budget Model.</p></blockquote><p>Avant m&#234;me l&#8217;entr&#233;e en vigueur de l&#8217;OBBBA, les investissements dans l&#8217;&#233;olien et le solaire au premier semestre 2025 avaient chut&#233; de 18 % par rapport au S1 2024, &#224; environ 35 milliards de dollars, selon les auteurs d&#8217;un <a href="https://www.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/renewable-energy/renewable-energy-industry-outlook.html">rapport publi&#233; par Deloitte</a> en octobre 2025.</p><h3><strong>La &#8220;densit&#233; &#233;nerg&#233;tique&#8221; comme nouvelle barri&#232;re</strong></h3><p>Outre le choc fiscal, l&#8217;administration a recours au levier foncier. Ainsi <a href="https://www.doi.gov/document-library/secretary-order/so-3438-managing-federal-energy-resources-and-protecting">depuis le 1er ao&#251;t 2025, le DoI (Department of Interior)</a> impose &#224; tout nouveau projet renouvelable de pr&#233;senter une densit&#233; de capacit&#233; comparable &#224; celle des &#233;nergies pilotables (gaz, nucl&#233;aire), d&#232;s lors qu&#8217;il serait &#224; l&#8217;&#233;tude sur les terrains ou eaux<strong> </strong>f&#233;d&#233;raux. Le solaire et l&#8217;&#233;olien sont exclus de facto, en raison de leur emprise au sol.</p><p>En annulant au mois de d&#233;cembre 2025 cinq projets &#233;oliens offshore sous couvert de &#8220;s&#233;curit&#233; nationale&#8221;, l&#8217;administration Trump a ouvert un front suppl&#233;mentaire contre les &#233;nergies renouvelables. Bien que les premi&#232;res d&#233;cisions de justice &#8212; notamment la victoire d'&#216;rsted et d'Equinor en janvier 2026 &#8212; aient pench&#233; en faveur des industriels, Taylor Rogers, porte-parole de la Maison-Blanche, a affirm&#233; que le gouvernement "<em>continuera de combattre les projets &#233;oliens en mer</em>" et s'est dite "<em>confiante dans l'issue finale de ce dossier</em>".</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LtAA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95928763-0d54-4bca-bf87-82c5d761c449_3306x1890.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LtAA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95928763-0d54-4bca-bf87-82c5d761c449_3306x1890.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LtAA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95928763-0d54-4bca-bf87-82c5d761c449_3306x1890.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LtAA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95928763-0d54-4bca-bf87-82c5d761c449_3306x1890.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LtAA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95928763-0d54-4bca-bf87-82c5d761c449_3306x1890.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LtAA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95928763-0d54-4bca-bf87-82c5d761c449_3306x1890.png" width="1456" height="832" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/95928763-0d54-4bca-bf87-82c5d761c449_3306x1890.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:832,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:313076,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;US electric generating capacity by energy source&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/184566866?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95928763-0d54-4bca-bf87-82c5d761c449_3306x1890.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="US electric generating capacity by energy source" title="US electric generating capacity by energy source" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LtAA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95928763-0d54-4bca-bf87-82c5d761c449_3306x1890.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LtAA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95928763-0d54-4bca-bf87-82c5d761c449_3306x1890.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LtAA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95928763-0d54-4bca-bf87-82c5d761c449_3306x1890.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LtAA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95928763-0d54-4bca-bf87-82c5d761c449_3306x1890.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">D&#8217;ici 2027, l&#8217;augmentation de la capacit&#233; install&#233;e reposera enti&#232;rement sur les &#233;nergies renouvelables, selon les derniers chiffres de l&#8217;EIA.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Le SPEED Act, vot&#233; fin 2025 par la Chambre des Repr&#233;sentants, vient parachever la mise en musique de la doctrine: sous couvert d&#8217;acc&#233;l&#233;rer la d&#233;livrance de permis (dont le d&#233;lai moyen d&#233;passe 50 mois selon le Berkeley Lab), un amendement favorise explicitement les pipelines et des micro-centrales nucl&#233;aires (SMR). Jason Grumet, CEO de l&#8217;American Clean Power (ACP), d&#233;nonce une &#8220;<em>rupture du principe de neutralit&#233; technologique</em>&#8221;, et a retir&#233; son soutien au texte, qui devrait &#234;tre d&#233;battu au S&#233;nat au cours du premier trimestre 2026.</p><h3><strong>Un risque de choc d&#8217;offre</strong></h3><p>Pourtant, ce dogme se heurte &#224; une r&#233;alit&#233; bien tangible: la demande en &#233;lectricit&#233; a brusquement augment&#233; &#224; partir de 2023, apr&#232;s pr&#232;s de vingt ans de stagnation. Port&#233;e par l&#8217;intelligence artificielle, celle-ci devrait encore s&#8217;acc&#233;l&#233;rer : les data centers, qui consommaient 4,4 % de l&#8217;&#233;lectricit&#233; am&#233;ricaine en 2023, pourraient atteindre 12 % d&#8217;ici 2028 <a href="https://newscenter.lbl.gov/2025/01/15/berkeley-lab-report-evaluates-increase-in-electricity-demand-from-data-centers/">selon le Berkeley Lab</a>.</p><p>S&amp;P Global estime que le d&#233;ficit de capacit&#233; de production est d&#8217;environ 15 GW &#224; l&#8217;horizon 2028. A court terme, les op&#233;rateurs adoptent des solutions d&#8217;urgence, avec le report de la fermeture de plusieurs gigawatts de capacit&#233;s charbon, la relance de certaines centrales nucl&#233;aires et l&#8217;optimisation de centrales existantes.</p><p>Plus de 2<a href="https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2025-12/queued_up_2025_edition_12.15.2025.pdf">600 GW sont actuellement en attente d&#8217;un permis</a>. Ils concernent &#224; 85% le trio solaire, &#233;olien et stockage par batterie.</p><p><a href="https://www.lazard.com/research-insights/levelized-cost-of-energyplus-lcoeplus/">Outre leur faible co&#251;t</a>, le solaire et l&#8217;&#233;olien, associ&#233;s &#224; des solutions de stockage, ont pour eux la rapidit&#233; de leur d&#233;veloppement. Solaire et stockage peuvent &#234;tre d&#233;ploy&#233;s en 12 &#224; 24 mois, l&#224; o&#249; une centrale &#224; gaz n&#233;cessite 4 &#224; 6 ans et le nucl&#233;aire nouvelle g&#233;n&#233;ration (SMR) au moins 8 &#224; 12 ans.</p><p>Dans ses derni&#232;res pr&#233;visions publi&#233;es le 13 janvier, l&#8217;EIA anticipe que <a href="https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/steo/">la hausse de capacit&#233; install&#233;e jusqu&#8217;en 2027 reposera essentiellement sur le solaire</a>, l&#8217;&#233;olien et les batteries de stockage; le gaz comme le nucl&#233;aire &#233;voluent peu, tandis que la part du charbon continue de baisser (voir graphe).</p><h3><strong>Une confrontation &#224; l&#8217;issue incertaine</strong></h3><p>Si le bras de fer actuel souligne une fracture id&#233;ologique, la hausse sensible de la facture &#233;nerg&#233;tique des Am&#233;ricains depuis deux ans introduit, &#224; l&#8217;approche des midterms,  <a href="https://www.wsj.com/business/energy-oil/be-prepared-to-keep-paying-more-for-electricity-31462755">une variable politique que l&#8217;administration ne peut ignorer</a> : dans certains &#201;tats, le m&#233;contentement des &#233;lecteurs face aux co&#251;ts de l&#8217;&#233;nergie pourrait expliquer les r&#233;cents revers locaux subis par le camp r&#233;publicain.</p><p>La derni&#232;re initiative de la <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/white-house-governors-fix-ai-driven-power-shortages-129268664">Maison Blanche, annonc&#233;e le 16 janvier</a>, illustre cette pr&#233;occupation. Le Conseil pour la dominance &#233;nerg&#233;tique entend ainsi contraindre PJM Interconnection, l&#8217;op&#233;rateur en charge du r&#233;seau de 13 Etats de l&#8217;Est, &#224; instaurer des ench&#232;res sp&#233;cifiques, obligeant les Big Tech &#224; participer au financement de nouvelles capacit&#233;s de production. Alors que les renouvelables sont entrav&#233;es, l&#8217;ex&#233;cutif reconna&#238;t que l&#8217;essor de l&#8217;IA cr&#233;e un d&#233;s&#233;quilibre structurel dont il refuse de faire porter le co&#251;t aux &#233;lecteurs.</p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Moral Imperative of Climate: Breaking Societal Bubbles]]></title><description><![CDATA[In his latest work, Frederic Samama proposes a "shock of representation" to reinvent our moral relationship with nature and bridge the gap between economic interest and universal responsibility.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/moral-imperative-climate-inaction-bubbles</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/moral-imperative-climate-inaction-bubbles</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 07:08:25 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eeZQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa013cfd3-73b3-4ea8-9d5a-b499b1a06d1b_1024x768.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eeZQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa013cfd3-73b3-4ea8-9d5a-b499b1a06d1b_1024x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eeZQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa013cfd3-73b3-4ea8-9d5a-b499b1a06d1b_1024x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eeZQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa013cfd3-73b3-4ea8-9d5a-b499b1a06d1b_1024x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eeZQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa013cfd3-73b3-4ea8-9d5a-b499b1a06d1b_1024x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eeZQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa013cfd3-73b3-4ea8-9d5a-b499b1a06d1b_1024x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eeZQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa013cfd3-73b3-4ea8-9d5a-b499b1a06d1b_1024x768.png" width="1024" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a013cfd3-73b3-4ea8-9d5a-b499b1a06d1b_1024x768.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1621341,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Earth as seen from space&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/182245999?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04b2ac81-dc7a-4339-bacf-4614467a7635_1024x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Earth as seen from space" title="Earth as seen from space" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eeZQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa013cfd3-73b3-4ea8-9d5a-b499b1a06d1b_1024x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eeZQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa013cfd3-73b3-4ea8-9d5a-b499b1a06d1b_1024x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eeZQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa013cfd3-73b3-4ea8-9d5a-b499b1a06d1b_1024x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eeZQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa013cfd3-73b3-4ea8-9d5a-b499b1a06d1b_1024x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Inaction on climate change is a baffling enigma. We have understood the science for fifty years and felt its impact for at least ten. Having created the very problem that now endangers our survival as a species, we are left with a haunting question: why can we not find the will to act?</p><h4><strong>Yet, this mobilization was possible with the Covid-19 pandemic, or the ozone layer depletion. What makes this challenge different from the others?</strong></h4><p>The explanations are many, but I contend that we are locked into three societal &#8220;bubbles&#8221;&#8212;intellectual analogues to financial bubbles&#8212;where overconfidence in our models blinds us to reality.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>To understand this, take the example of a rat in a maze with a piece of cheese. Initially, it wanders, exploring its surroundings. Then, it forges a specific route. Finally, it begins to follow that path mechanically, driven by the absolute confidence that it will find its food at the end. It becomes a prisoner of its own successful pattern.</p><p>We have navigated three &#8220;cheese moments&#8221;: the exploitation of natural resources through modern science; the neoliberal era&#8217;s global mobilization of human labor; and, finally, the rise of the modeling bubble. What began as a functional instrument for survival&#8212;modeling environments to better exploit them&#8212;has been elevated into a finality.</p><p>These systemic bubbles now create a profound impasse, stifling the moral urgency required to confront the climate emergency.</p><h4><strong>But didn&#8217;t the &#8220;neoliberal bubble&#8221; create the conditions for the economic and cultural rise of Europe?</strong></h4><p>This theme lies at the heart of my argument. In 17th and 18th-century Europe, thinkers&#8212;from Machiavelli and Spinoza to Adam Smith&#8212;sought new mechanisms to break the cycle of incessant warfare, all waged in the name of religion and morality. They launched a historical experiment unique in the world: the creation of instruments for human coordination that did not rely on moral or religious dictates. This birthed the modern state through the Treaty of Westphalia, alongside capitalism&#8212;both rooted in the then-emerging concept of self-interest.</p><p>The system has been an overwhelming success: life expectancy has surged, hundreds of millions have been lifted out of poverty, and billions have escaped illiteracy.</p><h4><strong>How does the same bubble explain today the methodological inability of the financial sector to address climate change, particularly in its investment decisions?</strong></h4><p>We engineered a system that is, by design, amoral. Yet the climate crisis resides within the domain of ethics and action; it is a matter of safeguarding both the vulnerable and future generations. The economic sphere has expanded so aggressively that it has effectively cannibalized the moral one, leading to a fundamental category error: the attempt to resolve an ethical breakdown through financial mechanisms never intended for such a task. Addressing this reality requires an entirely different set of instruments.</p><h4><strong>If we follow your reasoning, does modeling lead to a misleading representation of the world?</strong></h4><p>Modeling was originally conceived as a tool for survival&#8212;a practical means to secure the resources fundamental to life. Today, however, the model has become an end in itself. We must restore the tangible priority of resource access to the core of our decision-making.</p><h4><strong>How can we extract ourselves from this system of bubbles?</strong></h4><p>It is a daunting task. By definition, every bubble eventually bursts&#8212;and for the climate, that rupture translates into human catastrophe. </p><p>This is why I propose a &#8220;shock of representation&#8221; to catalyze a new value system, as human cooperation is fundamentally built upon the values we hold. Consider the perspective of astronauts viewing Earth from space; they all describe a radical shift in consciousness, a phenomenon driven by three key mechanisms.</p><p>First, they perceived the fragility of the Earth. When faced with the fragile, our intrinsic nature is to &#8220;<em>take care</em>&#8221;&#8212;a concept Levinas established as the very foundation of ethics. Next, they found the Earth beautiful, activating Kant&#8217;s notion of &#8220;<em>disinterested beauty</em>,&#8221; which detaches us from personal interest and &#8220;prepares us for morality.&#8221; Finally, this vantage point reminds us of the uniqueness of life within the void, echoing Spinoza&#8217;s insight that &#8220;<em>we are nature</em>.&#8221; Observing the Earth&#8212;beautiful, fragile, and alive amidst the frozen immensity of space&#8212;puts us back in our place: we are not above nature, but a part of it.</p><p>It is not a question of sending eight billion people into orbit, but of re-anchoring ourselves in the natural world. This could begin in schools, by teaching how certain plants emit gases to ward off predators or exploring the complex social and family codes of animals.</p><h4><strong>What solution do you foresee to create cooperation around the issue of climate?</strong></h4><p>The imperative now is to reconstruct a framework of common values. In the past, religions enabled large-scale cooperation, yet their competition prevented them from reaching a global consensus. Capitalism succeeded in going global, but it did so through an individualism that erodes our moral compass.</p><p>Today, the climate could become that universal value of responsibility. This is perhaps its most vital role: to reinvent our relationship with nature and, consequently, our bonds with each other. In a world drifting toward fragmentation, the climate is not just a colossal threat; it is a profound opportunity.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/p/moral-imperative-climate-inaction-bubbles/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/p/moral-imperative-climate-inaction-bubbles/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dV4P!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30ce71e0-c6a9-4516-ba35-610efb234870_991x1467.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dV4P!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30ce71e0-c6a9-4516-ba35-610efb234870_991x1467.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dV4P!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30ce71e0-c6a9-4516-ba35-610efb234870_991x1467.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dV4P!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30ce71e0-c6a9-4516-ba35-610efb234870_991x1467.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dV4P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30ce71e0-c6a9-4516-ba35-610efb234870_991x1467.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dV4P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30ce71e0-c6a9-4516-ba35-610efb234870_991x1467.png" width="322" height="476.66397578203834" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/30ce71e0-c6a9-4516-ba35-610efb234870_991x1467.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1467,&quot;width&quot;:991,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:322,&quot;bytes&quot;:4905634,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/182245999?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30ce71e0-c6a9-4516-ba35-610efb234870_991x1467.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dV4P!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30ce71e0-c6a9-4516-ba35-610efb234870_991x1467.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dV4P!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30ce71e0-c6a9-4516-ba35-610efb234870_991x1467.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dV4P!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30ce71e0-c6a9-4516-ba35-610efb234870_991x1467.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dV4P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30ce71e0-c6a9-4516-ba35-610efb234870_991x1467.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>Fr&#233;d&#233;ric Samama</strong> is a global expert in sustainable finance. Holding a PhD in Economics and a degree in Philosophy, he also teaches at Sciences Po Paris. Co-author of <em>Sovereign Wealth Funds and Long-Term Investing</em> with Patrick Bolton and Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz, he recently released <em>The Enigma of Climate Inaction</em> (Routledge), the expanded English edition of <em>Arch&#233;ologie de l&#8217;inaction</em> (Hermann, 2024).</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[L'urgence morale du climat face aux bulles sociétales]]></title><description><![CDATA[Dans son dernier ouvrage, Fr&#233;d&#233;ric Samama propose un "choc de repr&#233;sentation" pour r&#233;inventer notre rapport moral &#224; la nature et combler le foss&#233; entre int&#233;r&#234;t &#233;conomique et responsabilit&#233; universel.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/enigme-inaction-climatique-bulles-societales</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/enigme-inaction-climatique-bulles-societales</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 06:58:55 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OHKt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F999bce28-de70-4889-bba1-5f0c2831853a_1024x768.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OHKt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F999bce28-de70-4889-bba1-5f0c2831853a_1024x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OHKt!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F999bce28-de70-4889-bba1-5f0c2831853a_1024x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OHKt!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F999bce28-de70-4889-bba1-5f0c2831853a_1024x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OHKt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F999bce28-de70-4889-bba1-5f0c2831853a_1024x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OHKt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F999bce28-de70-4889-bba1-5f0c2831853a_1024x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OHKt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F999bce28-de70-4889-bba1-5f0c2831853a_1024x768.png" width="1024" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/999bce28-de70-4889-bba1-5f0c2831853a_1024x768.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1621659,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;La Terre vue de l'espace comme \&quot;choc de repr&#233;sentation\&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/182072419?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bce03ec-e5eb-4eee-96f5-9c78627809b0_1024x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="La Terre vue de l'espace comme &quot;choc de repr&#233;sentation&quot;" title="La Terre vue de l'espace comme &quot;choc de repr&#233;sentation&quot;" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OHKt!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F999bce28-de70-4889-bba1-5f0c2831853a_1024x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OHKt!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F999bce28-de70-4889-bba1-5f0c2831853a_1024x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OHKt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F999bce28-de70-4889-bba1-5f0c2831853a_1024x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OHKt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F999bce28-de70-4889-bba1-5f0c2831853a_1024x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">L&#8217;immensit&#233; froide du vide face &#224; l&#8217;unicit&#233; du vivant : une le&#231;on d&#8217;humilit&#233;.</figcaption></figure></div><h4><em><strong>Qu&#8217;est-ce qui selon vous explique l&#8217;inaction en mati&#232;re de lutte contre le changement climatique, malgr&#233; l&#8217;accumulation des preuves scientifiques ?</strong></em></h4><p>L&#8217;inaction face au d&#233;fi climatique est effectivement une &#233;nigme. On conna&#238;t le sujet depuis 50 ans et tout le monde a pu d&#233;j&#224; en subir les cons&#233;quences depuis au moins 10 ans - feux de for&#234;t, vagues de chaleurs, typhons, manque d&#8217;eau. Nous avons cr&#233;&#233; le probl&#232;me et il nous menace en tant qu&#8217;esp&#232;ce. D&#232;s lors, pourquoi n&#8217;arrivons-nous pas &#224; nous mobiliser ?</p><h4><em><strong>Pourtant cette mobilisation a &#233;t&#233; possible avec le Covid, le passage &#224; l&#8217;an 2000 ou encore la disparition de la couche d&#8217;ozone. Qu&#8217;est-ce qui rend ce d&#233;fi diff&#233;rent des autres?</strong></em></h4><p>Il y a &#233;videmment de nombreuses explications. Celle que je d&#233;fends est que nous sommes enferm&#233;s dans trois &#171; bulles &#187; soci&#233;tales distinctes, &#224; l&#8217;instar des bulles financi&#232;res. Ce sont des moments d&#8217;exc&#232;s de confiance dans nos visions du monde. Prenons l&#8217;exemple d&#8217;un rat dans un labyrinthe avec un morceau de fromage. Tout d&#8217;abord, il erre, ensuite se forge un itin&#233;raire, puis le suit m&#233;caniquement, tr&#232;s confiant de trouver &#224; manger. Il s&#8217;enferme dans ce sch&#233;ma.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>L&#8217;humanit&#233; aurait eu trois &#8220;moments fromage&#8221;. Le premier est le moment de l&#8217;acc&#232;s aux ressources naturelles, n&#233; de l&#8217;agriculture et de la science moderne. Le deuxi&#232;me est celui du n&#233;olib&#233;ralisme, caract&#233;ris&#233; par l&#8217;acc&#232;s &#224; des ressources humaines &#224; travers le monde. Le troisi&#232;me, et le plus critique, et certainement le plus cach&#233;, est celui de la mod&#233;lisation. Cet outil, initialement con&#231;u comme un moyen pour am&#233;liorer l&#8217;acc&#232;s aux ressources (en chassant jusqu&#8217;&#224; &#233;puisement des animaux, ce qui n&#233;cessitait de cr&#233;er un mod&#232;le de leur comportement), est devenu notre rapport premier au monde.</p><p>Ces trois moments ou bulles soci&#233;tales, rendent tr&#232;s compliqu&#233;e l&#8217;action, et notamment par la dimension morale du probl&#232;me climatique.</p><h4><em><strong>Mais la &#171; bulle du n&#233;olib&#233;ralisme &#187; n&#8217;a-t-elle pas cr&#233;&#233; les conditions de l&#8217;essor &#233;conomique et culturel de l&#8217;Europe ?</strong></em></h4><p>Ce th&#232;me est au c&#339;ur de mon propos. En Europe, aux XVIIe et XVIIIe si&#232;cle, les penseurs, de Machiavel &#224; Smith en passant par Spinoza, ont cherch&#233; de nouveaux m&#233;canismes afin de mettre fin &#224; une succession de guerres, toutes au nom de la religion et de la morale. Une exp&#233;rimentation unique au monde a &#233;t&#233; men&#233;e, consistant &#224; cr&#233;er des instruments de coordination humaine qui ne reposent pas sur la morale ou la religion. Cela donnera les Etats modernes avec le trait&#233; de Westphalie, ainsi que le capitalisme, tous deux fond&#233;s sur la notion d&#8217;int&#233;r&#234;t, qui se forge alors.</p><p>Le syst&#232;me a formidablement march&#233; puisque l&#8217;esp&#233;rance de vie s&#8217;est allong&#233;e, des centaines de millions de personnes sont sorties de la pauvret&#233;, et des milliards de personnes sont sorties de l&#8217;illettrisme.</p><h4><em><strong>Pourquoi cette m&#234;me bulle cr&#233;e-t-elle aujourd&#8217;hui une impasse m&#233;thodologique pour la finance, l&#8217;emp&#234;chant d&#8217;int&#233;grer pleinement le climat dans ses strat&#233;gies d&#8217;investissement ?</strong></em></h4><p>Nous avons con&#231;u un syst&#232;me qui se voulait amoral. Or le probl&#232;me climatique appartient &#224; la sph&#232;re de la morale et de l&#8217;action. Il s&#8217;agit de prot&#233;ger les plus expos&#233;s et les g&#233;n&#233;rations futures. La sph&#232;re &#233;conomique a pris tellement d&#8217;ampleur du fait de son succ&#232;s qu&#8217;elle a phagocyt&#233; la sph&#232;re morale, conduisant &#224; une erreur fondamentale : tenter de r&#233;gler un probl&#232;me moral par des m&#233;canismes qui n&#8217;ont pas cette finalit&#233;. Sa prise en compte n&#233;cessite d&#8217;autres instruments.</p><h4><em><strong>Si l&#8217;on suit votre raisonnement, la mod&#233;lisation aboutit &#224; une repr&#233;sentation trompeuse du monde ?</strong></em></h4><p>La mod&#233;lisation a &#233;t&#233; con&#231;ue pour am&#233;liorer l&#8217;acc&#232;s &#224; des ressources, et permettant donc renforcer nos chances de survie. Or, aujourd&#8217;hui, la mod&#233;lisation devient la finalit&#233;. La priorit&#233;, qui est celle de vivre, doit &#234;tre remise au c&#339;ur de notre syst&#232;me de prise de d&#233;cisions : la mod&#233;lisation est un moyen, pas la finalit&#233; de notre histoire.</p><h4><em><strong>Comment s&#8217;extraire de ce syst&#232;me de bulles ?</strong></em></h4><p>C&#8217;est tr&#232;s difficile. Une bulle &#233;clate, par d&#233;finition. Dans le cas du climat, cela se traduit par une catastrophe humaine.</p><p>Beaucoup a &#233;t&#233; essay&#233;. Je propose une voie qui est celle de la repr&#233;sentation pour faire &#233;merger de nouvelles valeurs, car la coordination humaine passe par les valeurs.</p><p>J&#8217;utilise la vue de la Terre depuis l&#8217;espace. Les astronautes ont tous rapport&#233; que leur perception a chang&#233;, certainement parce que cela active trois m&#233;canismes.</p><p>Tout d&#8217;abord, ils ont per&#231;u la fragilit&#233; de la Terre. Or, face au fragile, notre nature intrins&#232;que est de &#8220;<em>prendre soin</em>&#8221;, et Levinas en fait le fondement de l&#8217;&#233;thique. Ensuite, ils ont trouv&#233; la Terre belle, ce qui active le concept de beaut&#233; d&#233;sint&#233;ress&#233;e, formul&#233; par Kant, et &#8220;<em>pr&#233;pare &#224; la morale</em>&#8221;. Enfin, cette vue nous rappelle l&#8217;unicit&#233; du vivant dans l&#8217;espace, et nous renvoie &#224; Spinoza et que &#8220;<em>nous sommes nature</em>&#8221;. En observant la Terre, belle, fragile et vivante, au milieu de l&#8217;immensit&#233; froide et glaciale de l&#8217;espace, cela nous remet &#224; notre place : nous ne sommes pas au-dessus de la nature, mais en faisons partie.</p><p>Il ne s&#8217;agit pas d&#8217;envoyer 8 milliards de personnes dans l&#8217;espace, mais de nous ancrer de nouveau dans la nature. On pourrait par exemple enseigner &#224; l&#8217;&#233;cole comment certaines plantes &#233;mettent des gaz pour pr&#233;venir des attaques de pr&#233;dateurs, ou encore les codes sociaux des animaux.</p><h4><em><strong>Quelle solution entrevoyez-vous pour cr&#233;er une coop&#233;ration autour de la question du climat ?</strong></em></h4><p>Il faut recr&#233;er des valeurs communes. Les religions ont cr&#233;&#233; des m&#233;canismes de coordination &#224; grande &#233;chelle, mais leur mise en comp&#233;tition ne permettait pas d&#8217;atteindre l&#8217;universel. Le capitalisme a atteint l&#8217;universel, mais au prix d&#8217;un individualisme qui efface la morale.</p><p>Le climat pourrait &#234;tre cette valeur universelle de responsabilit&#233;. Ce serait une nouvelle fonction: r&#233;inventer les m&#233;caniques de sociabilisation avec la nature, et par effet induit entre les &#234;tres humains.</p><p>Dans un monde en voie de fractionnement, le climat n&#8217;est alors pas seulement un immense d&#233;fi, c&#8217;est aussi une formidable opportunit&#233;.</p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pA81!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0f6c77c5-fb71-41d3-84d8-adf44436b226_991x1467.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pA81!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0f6c77c5-fb71-41d3-84d8-adf44436b226_991x1467.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pA81!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0f6c77c5-fb71-41d3-84d8-adf44436b226_991x1467.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pA81!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0f6c77c5-fb71-41d3-84d8-adf44436b226_991x1467.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pA81!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0f6c77c5-fb71-41d3-84d8-adf44436b226_991x1467.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pA81!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0f6c77c5-fb71-41d3-84d8-adf44436b226_991x1467.png" width="290" height="429.2936427850656" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0f6c77c5-fb71-41d3-84d8-adf44436b226_991x1467.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1467,&quot;width&quot;:991,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:290,&quot;bytes&quot;:4905569,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/182072419?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0f6c77c5-fb71-41d3-84d8-adf44436b226_991x1467.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pA81!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0f6c77c5-fb71-41d3-84d8-adf44436b226_991x1467.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pA81!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0f6c77c5-fb71-41d3-84d8-adf44436b226_991x1467.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pA81!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0f6c77c5-fb71-41d3-84d8-adf44436b226_991x1467.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pA81!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0f6c77c5-fb71-41d3-84d8-adf44436b226_991x1467.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>Fr&#233;d&#233;ric Samama</strong> est un expert mondial de la finance durable. Docteur en &#233;conomie et dipl&#244;m&#233; en philosophie, il enseigne &#224; l&#8217;Universit&#233; Columbia et &#224; Sciences Po. Il est notamment le co-auteur de l&#8217;ouvrage <em>Sovereign Wealth Funds and Long-Term Investing</em> avec Patrick Bolton et le prix Nobel Joseph Stiglitz et vient de publier <em>The Enigma of Climate Inaction</em> (Routledge), la version anglaise enrichie d&#8217;<em>Arch&#233;ologie de l&#8217;inaction</em> (Hermann, 2024). </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/p/enigme-inaction-climatique-bulles-societales/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/p/enigme-inaction-climatique-bulles-societales/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Tariffs are hitting Jane and John Does]]></title><description><![CDATA[Despite the relief the Sino-American trade truce might procure to farmers, it could be too late to avert the next crisis: endogenous inflation and the ensuing political discontent.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/trade-war-us-tariffs-are-hitting-jane-and-john-doess</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/trade-war-us-tariffs-are-hitting-jane-and-john-doess</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 22 Nov 2025 18:35:45 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m5sB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bff28ff-a56f-4a44-afeb-ee347244dc05_1024x768.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m5sB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bff28ff-a56f-4a44-afeb-ee347244dc05_1024x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m5sB!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bff28ff-a56f-4a44-afeb-ee347244dc05_1024x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m5sB!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bff28ff-a56f-4a44-afeb-ee347244dc05_1024x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m5sB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bff28ff-a56f-4a44-afeb-ee347244dc05_1024x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m5sB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bff28ff-a56f-4a44-afeb-ee347244dc05_1024x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m5sB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bff28ff-a56f-4a44-afeb-ee347244dc05_1024x768.png" width="1024" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0bff28ff-a56f-4a44-afeb-ee347244dc05_1024x768.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b775b955-fd78-46b7-b541-d90e741e248a_1024x768.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1645617,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Tariffs are hitting US households&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/179009930?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61c563c8-0c35-41fa-a3f1-386fe7abca67_1024x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Tariffs are hitting US households" title="Tariffs are hitting US households" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m5sB!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bff28ff-a56f-4a44-afeb-ee347244dc05_1024x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m5sB!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bff28ff-a56f-4a44-afeb-ee347244dc05_1024x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m5sB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bff28ff-a56f-4a44-afeb-ee347244dc05_1024x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m5sB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bff28ff-a56f-4a44-afeb-ee347244dc05_1024x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Price pressures show documented increases of 15% for beef, 7% for bananas, and more than 20% for coffee.</figcaption></figure></div><p>By targeting U.S. soybeans, <a href="https://www.transitions.news/p/us-soybean-caught-in-the-crossfire?r=4qi2zc">China initially accelerated a latent agricultural crisis</a>, but the most severe damage has proven to be self-inflicted. Now that American households are feeling the effects of tariffs on their purchasing power and on vital goods like food products, the Trump administration is scrambling to dismantle the tariff arsenal it has built up since April.</p><p>While China has lately secured at least 10 additional cargoes in recent weeks, pushing soybeans seasonal purchases above 2 million metric tons, this modest reprieve does not compensate for past damages. Trade frictions and plummeting Chinese demand crippled U.S. farmers&#8217; revenue, leading to a surge in defaults and bankruptcies. Consequently, the Trump administration made sectoral support its top priority.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Post-shutdown, the administration clearly established its fiscal priorities. The USDA (US Department of Agriculture) budget is ring-fenced for the entirety of fiscal year 2026 (through October 2026).</p><p>In the short term, farmers face acute liquidity constraints and cash flow risk until the promised federal support is actually disbursed. Secretary of Agriculture Brooke Rollins, speaking to <em>Bloomberg News</em>, confirmed a shift in circumstances since the initial discussions, indicating that the administration is now merely aiming to announce the aid package during the first week of December.</p><h3>Limiting political damage</h3><p>In the meantime, the White House is actively pursuing alternative measures to restore agricultural competitiveness in a sustained low-price environment. On November 14, <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/11/modifying-the-scope-of-the-reciprocal-tariff-with-respect-to-certain-agricultural-products/">the Administration published a list of over 200 tariff-exempt agricultural inputs</a>, notably including specific categories of fertilizers. This policy reversal addresses a critical constraint: <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/d08d3ee8-e38a-4f02-8ade-95b9c6075c0b">fertilizer costs for 2025 were projected to surge by +21</a>%, according to the World Bank (October 29). By targeting input costs, the administration seeks to mitigate inflationary pressures embedded within the agricultural supply chain.</p><p>&#8220;<em>Soybean producers are making difficult financial decisions as they plan for next year&#8217;s planting, following a challenging harvest season. The action taken today by President Trump will help reduce costs for a key component of soybean production</em>,&#8221; stated Caleb Ragland, President of the ASA (American Soybean Association).</p><p>In a parallel diplomatic maneuver, <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/11/modifying-the-scope-of-tariffs-on-the-government-of-brazil/">the administration issued an Executive Order on November 20</a>, excluding certain Brazilian agricultural imports - such as coffee - from the scope of the 40% <em>ad valorem</em> tariff put into place on July 30. This partial rollback is a diplomatic concession following &#8220;<em>initial progress in negotiations</em>&#8221; with President Lula da Silva, whose government was initially targeted over broader national security concerns.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pknd!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4bc98fe1-ed15-43ef-b6d6-b2dfdd84af4c_2650x1366.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pknd!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4bc98fe1-ed15-43ef-b6d6-b2dfdd84af4c_2650x1366.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pknd!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4bc98fe1-ed15-43ef-b6d6-b2dfdd84af4c_2650x1366.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pknd!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4bc98fe1-ed15-43ef-b6d6-b2dfdd84af4c_2650x1366.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pknd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4bc98fe1-ed15-43ef-b6d6-b2dfdd84af4c_2650x1366.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pknd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4bc98fe1-ed15-43ef-b6d6-b2dfdd84af4c_2650x1366.png" width="2650" height="1366" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4bc98fe1-ed15-43ef-b6d6-b2dfdd84af4c_2650x1366.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1366,&quot;width&quot;:2650,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:199784,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/179009930?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F560ac6d2-7274-4092-a9cb-4b5c4f4b6a2a_2650x1366.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pknd!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4bc98fe1-ed15-43ef-b6d6-b2dfdd84af4c_2650x1366.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pknd!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4bc98fe1-ed15-43ef-b6d6-b2dfdd84af4c_2650x1366.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pknd!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4bc98fe1-ed15-43ef-b6d6-b2dfdd84af4c_2650x1366.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pknd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4bc98fe1-ed15-43ef-b6d6-b2dfdd84af4c_2650x1366.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3>Avoiding endogenous inflation</h3><p>However, the political and fiscal support remains a secondary concern to the looming macro threat: the persistent, structural inflation that Washington&#8217;s own trade policies might have injected into the wider U.S. economy, a risk the Federal Reserve is now trying to assess.</p><p>The stark divergence within the Federal Reserve System underscores the profound uncertainty facing the U.S. economy. While <a href="https://www.frbsf.org/research-and-insights/publications/fedviews/2025/11/sf-fedviews-november-20-2025/">the San Francisco Fed adopted a notably dovish stance</a>, predicting that inflation&#8212;though tariff-linked&#8212;would naturally recede toward 2% next year, <a href="https://www.atlantafed.org/news/speeches/2025/11/12/bostic-weighing-the-risks-why-inflation-tips-the-scales">data from the Atlanta Fed</a> offered a critical reality check. The Atlanta Fed&#8217;s surveys revealed that 40% of corporate cost increases are tariff-driven, and critically, that companies expect to raise prices through 2026 due to non-tariff-related internal pressures. This analysis confirms the endogenous inflation threat. Ultimately, <a href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/fomcminutes20251029.htm">the Federal Reserve Board&#8217;s final assessment</a> reveals that participants expressed serious concern that the prolonged period of inflation above target risks an anchoring of longer-term expectations. The debate is inflammatory in the national political stage. &#8220;<em>So far in 2025, the average family has paid more than $700 in higher costs,</em>&#8221; <a href="https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/e0d0c562-4b88-409b-ac58-7beb5d3da626/jec-state-inflation-tracker-november-2025.pdf">estimates the Democrat minority of the Joint Economic Committee</a> in a note.</p><p>The administration is navigating the unintended consequences of its trade policy, which might have triggered significant endogenous inflationary pressures that are currently eroding domestic purchasing power.</p><p></p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Transitions is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[US: Le soja est le révélateur d'une crise plus grande]]></title><description><![CDATA[Si la reprise des importations de soja a relanc&#233; l'espoir d'une tr&#234;ve durable entre la Chine et les Etats-Unis, l&#8217;administration US ne pourra occulter les probl&#232;mes structurels du secteur agricole.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/us-le-soja-est-le-revelateur-dune</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/us-le-soja-est-le-revelateur-dune</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 18 Nov 2025 10:29:38 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kI6T!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e46a337-c15c-4719-b475-4ad9d9388df2_1792x1024.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kI6T!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e46a337-c15c-4719-b475-4ad9d9388df2_1792x1024.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kI6T!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e46a337-c15c-4719-b475-4ad9d9388df2_1792x1024.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kI6T!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e46a337-c15c-4719-b475-4ad9d9388df2_1792x1024.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kI6T!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e46a337-c15c-4719-b475-4ad9d9388df2_1792x1024.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kI6T!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e46a337-c15c-4719-b475-4ad9d9388df2_1792x1024.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kI6T!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e46a337-c15c-4719-b475-4ad9d9388df2_1792x1024.webp" width="1792" height="1024" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7e46a337-c15c-4719-b475-4ad9d9388df2_1792x1024.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:1792,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:103102,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Des &#233;changes commerciaux Chine-US sous surveillance&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/webp&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/179230713?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00b32a6b-3915-4562-a5c9-172882a2438e_1792x1024.webp&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Des &#233;changes commerciaux Chine-US sous surveillance" title="Des &#233;changes commerciaux Chine-US sous surveillance" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kI6T!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e46a337-c15c-4719-b475-4ad9d9388df2_1792x1024.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kI6T!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e46a337-c15c-4719-b475-4ad9d9388df2_1792x1024.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kI6T!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e46a337-c15c-4719-b475-4ad9d9388df2_1792x1024.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kI6T!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7e46a337-c15c-4719-b475-4ad9d9388df2_1792x1024.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>La d&#233;tente des relations chinoises n&#8217;a pas &#233;t&#233; confirm&#233;e par le USDA (US Department of Agriculture) le 14 novembre 2025, dans sa premi&#232;re publication depuis le <em>shutdown</em>. Les volumes de soja export&#233;s vers la Chine - 332 000 tonnes m&#233;triques entre octobre et novembre - restent anecdotiques au regard des 12 millions de tonnes m&#233;triques (Mt) annonc&#233;s par Washington &#224; la suite du &#8220;G2&#8221; de Busan, en marge du sommet de l&#8217;APEC. Interrog&#233; sur ces chiffres, Donald Trump a affirm&#233; &#224; plusieurs journalistes que la Chine allait acheter &#8220;<em>beaucoup de soja</em>&#8221; avant le printemps 2026, ainsi que &#8220;<em>beaucoup de tout le reste</em>&#8221;.</p><p>Contrairement aux &#201;tats-Unis, la Chine ne s&#8217;est engag&#233;e sur aucune quantit&#233;. Elle a confirm&#233; la baisse des droits de douane pesant sur les produits am&#233;ricains, effective depuis le 10 novembre, et r&#233;tabli les licences de trois soci&#233;t&#233;s d&#8217;export am&#233;ricaines. Le 11 novembre, le MOT (Minist&#232;re des Transports) a annonc&#233; la suspension pour une ann&#233;e des taxes portuaires frappant les cargos am&#233;ricains.</p><p>D&#8217;autres signaux ont entretenu le doute. Les agriculteurs am&#233;ricains, pourtant arriv&#233;s en force au CIIE (China International Import Expo) de Shanghai qui s&#8217;est tenu du 5 au 10 novembre, sont repartis sans aucune commande significative. Leurs concurrents br&#233;siliens, en revanche, ont conclu des accords d&#233;passant 10 milliards de dollars avec l&#8217;op&#233;rateur public Cofco.</p><p>&#8220;<em>Pour les agriculteurs dans l&#8217;Iowa, le soja est devenu &#224; la fois une subsistance et un signal &#8211; un rappel que dans l&#8217;&#233;conomie mondiale, m&#234;me les relations privil&#233;gi&#233;es peuvent &#234;tre &#233;chang&#233;es, si le prix est juste</em>&#8221;, r&#233;sume la recherche d&#8217;Allianz Trade.</p><h3>La Chine envoie des signaux rassurants, mais avec parcimonie</h3><p>Le pessimisme qui commen&#231;ait &#224; s&#8217;installer a &#233;t&#233; contredit le 17 novembre. Cofco aurait acquis pr&#232;s d&#8217;1 Mt de soja U.S. pour une livraison en d&#233;cembre et janvier, selon Reuters.</p><p>Sur le papier donc, tout est revenu &#224; la normale. Cependant, rien n&#8217;indique que les volumes vont suivre.</p><p>Tout d&#8217;abord, bien que les autorit&#233;s chinoises ne communiquent pas officiellement sur leurs stocks de soja, des analyses relay&#233;es par Reuters &#233;valuent ces derniers &#224; des niveaux historiquement hauts : dans les ports (plus de 10 millions de tonnes m&#233;triques, en hausse de 33 % sur un an), comme dans les r&#233;serves strat&#233;giques (entre 40 et 45 millions de tonnes m&#233;triques, soit 5 mois de consommation).</p><p>Ensuite, malgr&#233; le retrait des droits de douanes appliqu&#233;s en r&#233;ponse au Liberation Day am&#233;ricain, le soja U.S. continue de se voir appliquer 13 % de droits de douane par la Chine, contre 3 % pour le Br&#233;sil.</p><p>Ces facteurs rendent les importations &#8220;<em>d&#233;pendantes d&#8217;achats dirig&#233;s par l&#8217;&#201;tat et de gestes de bonne volont&#233;</em>&#8221;, selon Rabobank, qui estime que les exportations am&#233;ricaines vers la Chine au cours de la saison 2025/2026 ne devraient pas d&#233;passer 12 Mt, &#8220;<em>soit bien en de&#231;&#224; des chiffres enregistr&#233;s ces derni&#232;res saisons</em>&#8221;.</p><p>Enfin, l&#8217;accumulation des stocks mondiaux devrait se poursuivre en 2025/26 et 2026/27, freinant l&#8217;&#233;volution des prix.</p><h3>Le soutien &#224; l&#8217;agriculture est une priorit&#233;</h3><p>L&#8217;addition de ces facteurs a mis &#224; mal les perspectives de revenus de tout un secteur, provoquant une forte augmentation des d&#233;faillances depuis le d&#233;but de l&#8217;ann&#233;e. L&#8217;administration Trump a donc plac&#233; le soutien &#224; la fili&#232;re au c&#339;ur de ses priorit&#233;s.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wDrH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb65479d1-ad5b-4689-a784-97d60ad80f03_3404x1882.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wDrH!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb65479d1-ad5b-4689-a784-97d60ad80f03_3404x1882.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wDrH!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb65479d1-ad5b-4689-a784-97d60ad80f03_3404x1882.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wDrH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb65479d1-ad5b-4689-a784-97d60ad80f03_3404x1882.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wDrH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb65479d1-ad5b-4689-a784-97d60ad80f03_3404x1882.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wDrH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb65479d1-ad5b-4689-a784-97d60ad80f03_3404x1882.png" width="1456" height="805" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b65479d1-ad5b-4689-a784-97d60ad80f03_3404x1882.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:805,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:239055,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Exportations de soja am&#233;ricaines, 2015-2024&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/179230713?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb65479d1-ad5b-4689-a784-97d60ad80f03_3404x1882.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Exportations de soja am&#233;ricaines, 2015-2024" title="Exportations de soja am&#233;ricaines, 2015-2024" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wDrH!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb65479d1-ad5b-4689-a784-97d60ad80f03_3404x1882.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wDrH!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb65479d1-ad5b-4689-a784-97d60ad80f03_3404x1882.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wDrH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb65479d1-ad5b-4689-a784-97d60ad80f03_3404x1882.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wDrH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb65479d1-ad5b-4689-a784-97d60ad80f03_3404x1882.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">En int&#233;grant les derniers chiffres connus, les exportations am&#233;ricaines de soja vers la Chine sont inf&#233;rieures &#224; 10Mt en 2025.</figcaption></figure></div><p>D&#232;s la fin du <em>shutdown</em>, l&#8217;administration a clairement &#233;tabli ses priorit&#233;s budg&#233;taires. Le budget du USDA (D&#233;partement de l&#8217;Agriculture) a &#233;t&#233; ainsi sanctuaris&#233; pour l&#8217;int&#233;gralit&#233; de l&#8217;ann&#233;e fiscale 2026, soit jusqu&#8217;en octobre 2026. Il est le seul : les budgets des autres d&#233;partements f&#233;d&#233;raux n&#8217;ont &#233;t&#233; garantis que jusqu&#8217;&#224; l&#8217;expiration du d&#233;lai de financement temporaire (Continuing Resolution), fix&#233; &#224; la fin du mois de janvier 2026.</p><p>Les agriculteurs attendent d&#233;sormais le versement des aides financi&#232;res promises. Un montant total de 12 milliards de dollars avait &#233;t&#233; &#233;voqu&#233; avant le <em>shutdown</em>. Donald Trump avait fait part de son intention de fl&#233;cher une partie des droits de douane collect&#233;s au financement du MFP (Market Facilitation Program), un programme f&#233;d&#233;ral d&#8217;aide directe aux agriculteurs. Cependant, un financement reposant pour tout ou partie sur ces recettes est mis en risque par l&#8217;examen de la constitutionnalit&#233; de la politique tarifaire am&#233;ricaine par la Cour supr&#234;me, ce qui ajoute une incertitude suppl&#233;mentaire &#224; la p&#233;rennit&#233; du programme et &#224; la tr&#233;sorerie des exploitations agricoles.</p><h3>Les droits de douane commencent &#224; r&#233;v&#233;ler leur impact syst&#233;mique</h3><p>&#192; court terme, la Maison Blanche cherche &#224; limiter la casse. <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/11/modifying-the-scope-of-the-reciprocal-tariff-with-respect-to-certain-agricultural-products/">Une liste de plus de 200 produits agricoles d&#233;sormais exempt&#233;s de droits de douane</a> a &#233;t&#233; publi&#233;e le 14 novembre, incluant certaines cat&#233;gories d&#8217;engrais, <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/d08d3ee8-e38a-4f02-8ade-95b9c6075c0b">dont la hausse totale pour l&#8217;ann&#233;e 2025 devrait atteindre +21 %, selon les derni&#232;res estimations</a> de la Banque mondiale, publi&#233;es le 29 octobre dernier.</p><p>&#8220;<em>Les producteurs de soja prennent actuellement des d&#233;cisions financi&#232;res difficiles alors qu&#8217;ils planifient les plantations de l&#8217;ann&#233;e prochaine, apr&#232;s une saison de r&#233;colte pleine de d&#233;fis. L&#8217;action men&#233;e aujourd&#8217;hui par le pr&#233;sident Trump aidera &#224; r&#233;duire les co&#251;ts pour une composante cl&#233; de la production de soja</em>&#8221;, s<a href="https://soygrowers.com/news-releases/asa-grateful-for-executive-order-action-to-reduce-fertilizer-costs/">&#8217;est f&#233;licit&#233; Caleb Ragland, pr&#233;sident de l&#8217;ASA</a> (American Soybean Association) et producteur de soja du Kentucky.</p><p>Ce nouvel &#233;pisode dans la guerre tarifaire engag&#233;e depuis le Liberation Day, en avril 2025, signe un revirement dans <a href="https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R48549">une politique commerciale qui peine &#224; s&#8217;inscrire dans une strat&#233;gie lisible</a>, et t&#233;moigne d&#8217;une inqui&#233;tude grandissante alors que la hausse des prix pourrait s&#8217;&#233;tendre &#224; d&#8217;autres biens et services, et se poursuivre en 2026, les droits de douane ne jouant plus qu&#8217;un r&#244;le secondaire dans cette tendance. La lev&#233;e des droits de douane est le signal d&#8217;alarme : l&#8217;administration est contrainte &#224; l&#8217;action pour prot&#233;ger le pouvoir d&#8217;achat des m&#233;nages.</p><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>Pour aller plus loin &#8230;</strong> </p><p><a href="https://www.atlantafed.org/news/speeches/2025/11/12/bostic-weighing-the-risks-why-inflation-tips-the-scales">Les donn&#233;es publi&#233;es par la Fed d&#8217;Atlanta </a>le 12 novembre dernier montrent que &#8220;<em>les entreprises attribuent un peu moins de 40 % de l&#8217;augmentation totale de leurs co&#251;ts unitaires en 2025 et 2026 aux tarifs douaniers.</em>&#8221; L&#8217;enqu&#234;te indique en outre que &#8220;<em>les r&#233;pondants s&#8217;attendent &#224; augmenter leurs prix tout autant en 2026 qu&#8217;en 2025, et qu&#8217;une grande partie de cette impulsion n&#8217;est pas directement due aux tarifs.</em>&#8221;</p></blockquote>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Transition is plural - #0 Edition]]></title><description><![CDATA[Following my initial publication, it became essential to clarify the editorial policy and the ambition that will structure my analyses in Transitions.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/transition-is-plural-0-edition</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/transition-is-plural-0-edition</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 07 Nov 2025 18:11:01 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v-_-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F623a2ea4-93e2-4cad-abbd-c337973d2a36_1500x500.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9QiI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27f01eaf-64ad-477b-af9a-e1e8ae95c417_3334x465.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9QiI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27f01eaf-64ad-477b-af9a-e1e8ae95c417_3334x465.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9QiI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27f01eaf-64ad-477b-af9a-e1e8ae95c417_3334x465.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9QiI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27f01eaf-64ad-477b-af9a-e1e8ae95c417_3334x465.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9QiI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27f01eaf-64ad-477b-af9a-e1e8ae95c417_3334x465.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9QiI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27f01eaf-64ad-477b-af9a-e1e8ae95c417_3334x465.png" width="1456" height="203" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/27f01eaf-64ad-477b-af9a-e1e8ae95c417_3334x465.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:203,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:44361,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/178292177?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27f01eaf-64ad-477b-af9a-e1e8ae95c417_3334x465.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9QiI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27f01eaf-64ad-477b-af9a-e1e8ae95c417_3334x465.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9QiI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27f01eaf-64ad-477b-af9a-e1e8ae95c417_3334x465.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9QiI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27f01eaf-64ad-477b-af9a-e1e8ae95c417_3334x465.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9QiI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27f01eaf-64ad-477b-af9a-e1e8ae95c417_3334x465.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3><strong>An Editorial Policy Reflecting Global Complexity</strong></h3><p>To be sincere, I have been writing this manifesto for many months, and <a href="https://www.transitions.news/p/us-soybean-caught-in-the-crossfire?r=4qi2zc">it took the trial by fire of a first article</a> before I could properly define and structure my thinking.</p><p>The consistency of <em>Transitions</em> lies in its unique subject: the study of incoming turmoils and their consequences. Far from offering disjointed content, a multiplicity of themes and disciplines will help to decrypt the world in its complexity, and clarify what it could be, through a prospective vision. The overall logic, which may not be visible in a single article, will be revealed over the course of the publications.</p><p>The <em>Transitions</em> editorial policy is based on a dual observation.</p><p>Regardless of official stance, nations are already being forced to adapt to environmental shocks. These are driven by the rising frequency of extreme weather events, pollution, and the loss of biodiversity.</p><p>Funding requirements are growing exponentially. Each successive COP underscores this point, acting as a wakeup call for governments, legislators, central banks, and supervisors. Their mandate is clear: to foster stable, transparent, and incentive-based investment conditions. On the other hand, the private sector (financial services and corporations alike) is expected to mobilize the bulk of the necessary financing.</p><p>The study of transitions must integrate this initial finding with the complexity of the current era: the pursuit of sovereignty, trade wars, the management of ballooning public debt, demographic shifts, and the digitalization of economies.</p><blockquote><p><em>The focus of </em>Transitions<em> lies at the intersection of these concerns.</em></p></blockquote><p>Informed decision-making is a slow and complex process, in which the identification of weak signals is strategic. <em>Transitions</em> will deliver, week after week, analyses, interviews, and articles designed to feed this process and stimulate debate.</p><h3><strong>Towards Augmented Journalism</strong></h3><p>Launching this entrepreneurial venture is a synthesis of my academic and professional career, and I say, without exaggeration, that it is a declaration of love for journalism&#8212;a profession that has always been a true vocation.</p><p>With <em>Transitions</em>, my aim is to reconnect with the quintessence of journalism: independence, curiosity, and an ethical and deontological rigor, seasoned with a necessary dose of critical insight and a grain of salt.</p><p>I believe an article must be conceived, shaped, and perfected, much like a sculpture. A text that is thoughtfully researched, tempered, and structured by an experienced journalist will always convey more knowledge and value than a mere synthesis generated by an AI tool.</p><blockquote><p><em>To be clear, Artificial Intelligence is, of course, an integrated part of the </em>Transitions<em> editorial workflow. It serves as a valuable asset for optimizing processes, freeing up time for the essential work, which is analysis and writing.</em></p></blockquote><p>It is critical to emphasize this final point: it is not possible, and it will never be possible for any tool to replace expertise, accumulated knowledge, or the power of human insight. It is more crucial than ever to rely on experts capable of rigorous verification, as the possibilities for generating and manipulating information are becoming exponential. In journalism, as in so many other professions, intuition and nuance are not reducible to an algorithm.</p><p><em>Transitions</em> is committed to presenting documented, verified information, in line with the fundamental principles of journalism. This commitment includes accepting error and fostering constructive debates.</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>Securing the Model&#8217;s Sustainability</strong></h3><p>The values I stand for require a shared commitment. You, the readers, can become stakeholders in this approach.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share Transitions&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share Transitions</span></a></p><p>By sharing and commenting on publications, you support an ambitious editorial project.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/p/transition-is-plural-0-edition/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/p/transition-is-plural-0-edition/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p>By opting for a paid subscription, you will not only gain access to quality content, but you will also become a pillar of the independence and sustainability of a project I am eager to develop furthermore.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[La transition est plurielle - "Numéro #0"]]></title><description><![CDATA[Apr&#232;s une premi&#232;re publication, il m&#8217;est apparu essentiel de clarifier la ligne &#233;ditoriale et l'ambition qui structureront mes analyses dans Transitions.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/la-transition-est-plurielle-numero-zero</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/la-transition-est-plurielle-numero-zero</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 07 Nov 2025 09:29:42 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v-_-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F623a2ea4-93e2-4cad-abbd-c337973d2a36_1500x500.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WdnX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cd3ebd1-75ee-4a5a-b7f4-20a1fa77c1e2_1250x175.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WdnX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cd3ebd1-75ee-4a5a-b7f4-20a1fa77c1e2_1250x175.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WdnX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cd3ebd1-75ee-4a5a-b7f4-20a1fa77c1e2_1250x175.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WdnX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cd3ebd1-75ee-4a5a-b7f4-20a1fa77c1e2_1250x175.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WdnX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cd3ebd1-75ee-4a5a-b7f4-20a1fa77c1e2_1250x175.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WdnX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cd3ebd1-75ee-4a5a-b7f4-20a1fa77c1e2_1250x175.png" width="1250" height="175" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7cd3ebd1-75ee-4a5a-b7f4-20a1fa77c1e2_1250x175.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:175,&quot;width&quot;:1250,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:14656,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/s/francais&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/178254358?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cd3ebd1-75ee-4a5a-b7f4-20a1fa77c1e2_1250x175.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="https://www.transitions.news/s/francais" title="https://www.transitions.news/s/francais" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WdnX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cd3ebd1-75ee-4a5a-b7f4-20a1fa77c1e2_1250x175.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WdnX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cd3ebd1-75ee-4a5a-b7f4-20a1fa77c1e2_1250x175.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WdnX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cd3ebd1-75ee-4a5a-b7f4-20a1fa77c1e2_1250x175.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WdnX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cd3ebd1-75ee-4a5a-b7f4-20a1fa77c1e2_1250x175.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3></h3><div><hr></div><h3><strong>Une ligne &#233;ditoriale &#224; l&#8217;image de la complexit&#233; du monde</strong></h3><p>Pour &#234;tre sinc&#232;re, je m&#251;ris ce manifeste depuis de longs mois, et il m&#8217;a fallu le bapt&#234;me du feu <a href="https://www.transitions.news/p/le-soja-americain-est-a-la-merci">d&#8217;un premier article</a> avant de parvenir &#224; fixer et structurer mes r&#233;flexions.</p><p>La coh&#233;rence de <em>Transitions</em> r&#233;side dans son sujet unique : l&#8217;&#233;tude des bouleversements en cours. Loin de proposer un contenu d&#233;cousu, une multiplicit&#233; de th&#232;mes et de disciplines sera convoqu&#233;e pour d&#233;crypter le monde tel qu&#8217;il est, et l&#8217;&#233;clairer tel qu&#8217;il pourrait &#234;tre, dans une vision prospective. La logique d&#8217;ensemble, peu visible &#224; l&#8217;&#233;chelle d&#8217;un article, sera r&#233;v&#233;l&#233;e au fil des parutions.</p><p>La ligne &#233;ditoriale de Transitions se nourrit d&#8217;un double constat.</p><p>Qu&#8217;elles l&#8217;admettent ou le nient, les nations s&#8217;acheminent vers une adaptation aux bouleversements environnementaux induits par la multiplication des &#233;v&#233;nements climatiques extr&#234;mes, la pollution et la perte de biodiversit&#233;. Cette adaptation exige des financements massifs. En cela, chaque COP agit comme une piq&#251;re de rappel &#224; destination des gouvernements, l&#233;gislateurs, banquiers centraux, et r&#233;gulateurs. A eux la responsabilit&#233; de cr&#233;er des conditions de financement stables, transparentes et incitatives. Du secteur priv&#233; (le secteur financier au sens large, les entreprises), il est attendu qu&#8217;il apporte l&#8217;essentiel des financements n&#233;cessaires.</p><p>L&#8217;&#233;tude des transitions doit associer &#224; ce premier constat, la complexit&#233; du temps pr&#233;sent : recherche de souverainet&#233;, guerres commerciales, gestion de la dette publique, &#233;volution d&#233;mographique et digitalisation des &#233;conomies.</p><blockquote><p><em>Les sujets trait&#233;s par </em>Transitions<em> se situeront &#224; la confluence de ces pr&#233;occupations.</em></p></blockquote><p>La prise de d&#233;cision &#233;clair&#233;e est un processus lent et complexe, dans lequel l&#8217;identification de signaux faibles est strat&#233;gique. <em>Transitions</em> proposera, semaine apr&#232;s semaine, des analyses, des entretiens et des articles destin&#233;s &#224; alimenter ce processus et &#224; susciter les d&#233;bats.</p><h3><strong>Vers un journalisme augment&#233;</strong></h3><p>En me lan&#231;ant dans cette aventure entrepreneuriale, synth&#232;se de mon parcours acad&#233;mique et professionnel, je le dis sans exag&#233;ration: je fais une d&#233;claration d&#8217;amour &#224; ce m&#233;tier de journaliste qui a toujours &#233;t&#233; un choix du c&#339;ur.</p><p>Avec <em>Transitions</em>, j&#8217;ambitionne de renouer avec ce qui constitue la quintessence de ce m&#233;tier: l&#8217;ind&#233;pendance, la curiosit&#233;, une rigueur &#233;thique et d&#233;ontologique, assorties d&#8217;un soup&#231;on d&#8217;esprit critique.</p><p>Aussi, je reste attach&#233;e au caract&#232;re artisanal de ce m&#233;tier. Un article se con&#231;oit, se mod&#232;le, se perfectionne, &#224; l&#8217;instar d&#8217;une sculpture. Un texte pens&#233;, pond&#233;r&#233;, structur&#233; par un journaliste exp&#233;riment&#233; aura toujours plus de poids et de prix qu&#8217;une simple synth&#232;se g&#233;n&#233;r&#233;e par un outil d&#8217;intelligence artificielle.</p><blockquote><p><em>L&#8217;intelligence artificielle fait bien entendu partie de la cha&#238;ne &#233;ditoriale de Transitions. Elle est un atout pr&#233;cieux dans l&#8217;optimisation des processus, au service de l&#8217;essentiel : l&#8217;analyse et l&#8217;&#233;criture.</em></p></blockquote><p>Il est important d&#8217;insister sur ce dernier point: il n&#8217;est pas possible, il ne sera jamais possible &#224; un quelconque outil de se substituer &#224; l&#8217;expertise, les savoirs accumul&#233;s, et la richesse des &#233;changes interpersonnels. Il est plus que jamais crucial de disposer d&#8217;experts capables d&#8217;effectuer un travail de v&#233;rification et de tri, alors que les possibilit&#233;s de cr&#233;er et de manipuler l&#8217;information sont exponentielles. Dans le journalisme comme dans tant d&#8217;autres m&#233;tiers, l&#8217;intuition et la nuance ne sont pas r&#233;ductibles &#224; un algorithme.</p><p><em>Transitions</em> s&#8217;engage &#224; pr&#233;senter des informations document&#233;es, v&#233;rifi&#233;es, dans le respect des principes fondamentaux du journalisme. Cet engagement inclut d&#8217;accepter l&#8217;erreur, et de susciter des d&#233;bats contradictoires.</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>Assurer la p&#233;rennit&#233; du mod&#232;le</strong></h3><p>L&#8217;ind&#233;pendance et la rigueur que nous d&#233;fendons n&#233;cessitent un engagement partag&#233;. Vous, lecteurs, pouvez devenir acteur de cette d&#233;marche.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share Transitions&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share Transitions</span></a></p><p>En partageant et en commentant les publications, vous soutenez un projet &#233;ditorial ambitieux, fond&#233; sur la rigueur et l&#8217;analyse experte.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/p/la-transition-est-plurielle-numero-zero/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/p/la-transition-est-plurielle-numero-zero/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p>En choisissant de payer un abonnement, non seulement vous acc&#233;derez &#224; des contenus de qualit&#233;, mais vous devenez le garant de l&#8217;ind&#233;pendance et de la p&#233;rennit&#233; d&#8217;un projet que j&#8217;ambitionne de d&#233;velopper.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption"></p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[U.S. Soybean: Caught in the Crossfire of Trade Wars]]></title><description><![CDATA[The deal with China offers a fragile reprieve for U.S. soybean producers, but the sector remains acutely vulnerable to government shutdowns and punitive tariffs.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/us-soybean-caught-in-the-crossfire</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/us-soybean-caught-in-the-crossfire</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 31 Oct 2025 07:28:50 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZUOL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46e34688-da5d-42d3-a68d-41c92f85f7b9_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share Transitions&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share Transitions</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZUOL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46e34688-da5d-42d3-a68d-41c92f85f7b9_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZUOL!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46e34688-da5d-42d3-a68d-41c92f85f7b9_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZUOL!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46e34688-da5d-42d3-a68d-41c92f85f7b9_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZUOL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46e34688-da5d-42d3-a68d-41c92f85f7b9_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZUOL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46e34688-da5d-42d3-a68d-41c92f85f7b9_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZUOL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46e34688-da5d-42d3-a68d-41c92f85f7b9_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/46e34688-da5d-42d3-a68d-41c92f85f7b9_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2671421,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/177631368?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46e34688-da5d-42d3-a68d-41c92f85f7b9_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZUOL!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46e34688-da5d-42d3-a68d-41c92f85f7b9_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZUOL!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46e34688-da5d-42d3-a68d-41c92f85f7b9_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZUOL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46e34688-da5d-42d3-a68d-41c92f85f7b9_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZUOL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F46e34688-da5d-42d3-a68d-41c92f85f7b9_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Donald Trump may claim to be a master of the deal, but Xi Jinping has proved just as skilled at getting under his skin. On October 29, just hours before the meeting between the two leaders, Beijing sent a small signal of appeasement, purchasing three cargo ships scheduled for delivery between December and January. This purely symbolic volume ended a six-month halt on American soybean imports.</p><p>Confirming Donald Trump&#8217;s statements after his meeting with Xi Jinping, Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent specified that China plans to buy 12 million metric tons of soybeans from the United States by January 2026, then 25 million metric tons per year. The final version of the agreement is expected to be signed in the coming days. &#8220;<em>Our great soybean farmers, who the Chinese used as political pawns, that&#8217;s off the table, and they should prosper in the years to come,</em>&#8221; Bessent said in an interview on Fox Business Network.</p><p>Chinese authorities have provided no details on the three-year agreement. Crucially, the issue of tariffs on U.S. imports was not addressed. The current tax level&#8212;a total of 34%&#8212;is critical, as it determines the competitiveness of U.S. soybeans against rivals whose tariffs entering the Chinese market are below 15%. &#8220;<em>Before China applied its tariffs, the price difference between U.S. and Brazilian soybeans leaving their respective countries was negligible, with FOB (Free On Board, Ed. Note) prices standing at $407 vs. $405 per ton as of October 20. The loss of competitiveness does not stem from the market, but from the tariff barrier itself,</em>&#8220; stresses Gautier Le Molgat, France Director at Argus Media. This omission is not unprecedented. During the &#8220;Phase One&#8221; trade deal in 2020, retaliatory tariffs were never fully lifted, which left U.S. soybeans structurally disadvantaged. Without a complete tariff waiver, these new commitments could easily remain mere promises. This experience undoubtly explains <a href="https://soygrowers.com/news-releases/asa-celebrates-u-s-china-announcement/">the cautious reaction from the American Soybean Association</a> (ASA).</p><h3><strong>Trade wars leave their mark</strong></h3><p>The preceding trade episode had lasting consequences. The Cato Institute estimates that U.S. exports were reduced by $27 billion, with soybeans accounting for 71% of that loss. &#8220;<em>The combination of abundant production and slower-than-expected demand growth, even at historically low prices, is worrying. The risk of a reduction in planted acreage in 2026-2027, and thus a supply shock, is real because producers are currently disheartened by negative margins across many agricultural products this year</em>,&#8221; explains Gautier Le Molgat.</p><blockquote><p>&#8220;<em>Soybeans have always held a strategic role. In the 1970s, during the Tokyo Round, the United States imposed an embargo to highlight Europe and Japan&#8217;s reliance on this protein source. Intensive livestock farming in Europe had been dependent on soybeans since the 1950s. By tripling its price, the embargo caused a lasting shock throughout the supply chains. It was also during this period that Europe encouraged Brazil to produce soybeans on a large scale.</em>&#8221;</p><p>Philippe Chalmin, Professor Emeritus of Economic History at Paris-Dauphine University</p></blockquote><p>As early as 2018, China accelerated its diversification strategy. Following Europe&#8217;s example in the 1970s, it shifted its focus to Brazil to secure its supply (see insert), while also supporting the development of Brazilian port and rail infrastructure. The U.S. share of Chinese imports has fallen below 25% in 2024, down from 50% in 2017, while Brazil and, to a lesser extent, Argentina, have seen their market share surge.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/p/us-soybean-caught-in-the-crossfire?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/p/us-soybean-caught-in-the-crossfire?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lI_v!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49a0f962-df71-4bb4-b5d1-e314b8b0d36a_794x471.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lI_v!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49a0f962-df71-4bb4-b5d1-e314b8b0d36a_794x471.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lI_v!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49a0f962-df71-4bb4-b5d1-e314b8b0d36a_794x471.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lI_v!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49a0f962-df71-4bb4-b5d1-e314b8b0d36a_794x471.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lI_v!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49a0f962-df71-4bb4-b5d1-e314b8b0d36a_794x471.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lI_v!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49a0f962-df71-4bb4-b5d1-e314b8b0d36a_794x471.png" width="794" height="471" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/49a0f962-df71-4bb4-b5d1-e314b8b0d36a_794x471.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:471,&quot;width&quot;:794,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:43937,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/177631368?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49a0f962-df71-4bb4-b5d1-e314b8b0d36a_794x471.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lI_v!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49a0f962-df71-4bb4-b5d1-e314b8b0d36a_794x471.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lI_v!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49a0f962-df71-4bb4-b5d1-e314b8b0d36a_794x471.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lI_v!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49a0f962-df71-4bb4-b5d1-e314b8b0d36a_794x471.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lI_v!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49a0f962-df71-4bb4-b5d1-e314b8b0d36a_794x471.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Over the past ten years, Brazilian soybean production has surged from 96 million to 175 million metric tons, while U.S. output has remained relatively stable at around 117 million metric tons.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Meanwhile, <a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/when-trade-war-becomes-food-fight#:~:text=But%20after%20China%20raised%20tariffs,from%20the%20past%20four%20years.">the United States has failed to find new export outlets</a>; China absorbed more than half of U.S. soybean exports in 2024, a reality highlighted by the drop in Chinese imports in 2025.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WeKf!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff863b2c2-7b14-42d2-8aba-5679ef6d966a_794x390.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WeKf!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff863b2c2-7b14-42d2-8aba-5679ef6d966a_794x390.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WeKf!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff863b2c2-7b14-42d2-8aba-5679ef6d966a_794x390.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WeKf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff863b2c2-7b14-42d2-8aba-5679ef6d966a_794x390.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WeKf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff863b2c2-7b14-42d2-8aba-5679ef6d966a_794x390.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WeKf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff863b2c2-7b14-42d2-8aba-5679ef6d966a_794x390.png" width="794" height="390" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f863b2c2-7b14-42d2-8aba-5679ef6d966a_794x390.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:390,&quot;width&quot;:794,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:52343,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/177631368?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff863b2c2-7b14-42d2-8aba-5679ef6d966a_794x390.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WeKf!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff863b2c2-7b14-42d2-8aba-5679ef6d966a_794x390.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WeKf!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff863b2c2-7b14-42d2-8aba-5679ef6d966a_794x390.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WeKf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff863b2c2-7b14-42d2-8aba-5679ef6d966a_794x390.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WeKf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff863b2c2-7b14-42d2-8aba-5679ef6d966a_794x390.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Soybeans, and sorghum to a lesser extent, are struggling to find export markets.</figcaption></figure></div><p>&#8220;<em>The Trump administration&#8217;s room for maneuver to find export markets is limited. Moreover, regardless of the outcome of negotiations with the United States, Chinese demand is likely to stagnate,</em>&#8220; confirms Simon Lacoume, Economist at Coface. Indeed, China faces demographic decline, having lost over 4 million inhabitants in the last three years. Furthermore, Beijing is pursuing a policy of optimizing animal feed, seeking to limit the protein content in soy meal. These two trends&#8212;one structural and the other strategic&#8212;place a durable ceiling on future demand.</p><h3><strong>The Crisis is Also Domestic</strong></h3><p>The prospects for the domestic market are no more promising. The agricultural sector is penalized on two fronts: while farmers await emergency bailouts in 2025-2026, similar to those of 2019-2020, they are suffering the consequences of the government shutdown, which freezes the potential disbursement of funds announced at the beginning of October. Concurrently, the design of aid mechanisms, though made more favorable by the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBB), renders federal support for the soybean sector largely ineffective.</p><h3><strong>&#8220;Crush, Baby, Crush&#8221;</strong></h3><p>Faced with export market turbulence, the domestic biofuel sector could provide a sustainable alternative. The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) published <a href="https://www.epa.gov/renewable-fuel-standard/proposed-renewable-fuel-standards-2026-and-2027">new proposals for the 2026-2027 Renewable Fuel Standard</a> (RFS) program in June. The increase in mandatory targets is set to boost total biofuel demand by about 5 to 6%, meaning an additional 9 to 10 million tons of soybeans could be crushed by 2027.</p><p>Caught between high production costs, estimated at $12 to $13 per bushel, and market prices that struggle to exceed $10 per bushel, farmers have so far favored storage, betting on a future price rise or the arrival of a federal subsidy. &#8220;<em>During the previous trade war with China, American farmers did not hesitate to aggressively stockpile their soybeans due to a lack of buyers. Stocks surged from 12 to over 25 million tons between 2018 and 2020 before falling back to around 15 million. As of September 30, 2025, they do not exceed 9 million, leaving some margin for holding onto the harvest today,</em>&#8221; notes Gautier Le Molgat.</p><h3>Default Filings on the Rise</h3><p>Farm bankruptcies filed under Chapter 12 (Chapter 12 Bankruptcy), a procedure reserved for family farmers, are accelerating, increasing by nearly 96% nationally in the first quarter of 2025 (88 filings), compared to the same period in 2024 (45 filings).</p><p>This pressure is concentrated in the most fragile regions: Arkansas is one of the hardest-hit states, recording 15 filings in Q1 2025 alone, a number close to the state&#8217;s total for all of 2024.</p><p>This issue is highly sensitive on the national political stage ahead of the midterm elections. The political impact is exacerbated by a structural factor in Congress: the overrepresentation of rural America. As Philippe Chalmin highlights, the fact that every state has two senators, regardless of its population, grants agricultural states significant political leverage in budgetary and commercial negotiations. This institutional reality makes the Senate particularly sensitive to farm defaults, intensifying pressure on the White House to quickly release the promised aid and find new markets. While the unblocking of Chinese imports offers a breather to the Trump administration, it fails to solve the structural problems of an agricultural sector facing increasing competition in its export markets.</p><div><hr></div><p>Curious about how trade wars, energy transitions, and global finance intersect? Join <em>Transitions</em> and get expert analysis delivered weekly in both English and French.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Le soja américain est à la merci des guerres commerciales]]></title><description><![CDATA[L'accord avec la Chine offre un r&#233;pit fragile aux producteurs de soja am&#233;ricains, mais le secteur reste vuln&#233;rable au shutdown et aux droits de douane.]]></description><link>https://www.transitions.news/p/le-soja-americain-est-a-la-merci</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.transitions.news/p/le-soja-americain-est-a-la-merci</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Annick Masounave]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 30 Oct 2025 15:22:11 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AG_G!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe16d2473-d83a-47be-83b5-3d7504428f01_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AG_G!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe16d2473-d83a-47be-83b5-3d7504428f01_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AG_G!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe16d2473-d83a-47be-83b5-3d7504428f01_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AG_G!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe16d2473-d83a-47be-83b5-3d7504428f01_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AG_G!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe16d2473-d83a-47be-83b5-3d7504428f01_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AG_G!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe16d2473-d83a-47be-83b5-3d7504428f01_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AG_G!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe16d2473-d83a-47be-83b5-3d7504428f01_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e16d2473-d83a-47be-83b5-3d7504428f01_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a6783a95-89e2-4e78-a606-54f6af1ff845_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2671421,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;American soybean producer&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/177569843?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6783a95-89e2-4e78-a606-54f6af1ff845_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="American soybean producer" title="American soybean producer" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AG_G!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe16d2473-d83a-47be-83b5-3d7504428f01_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AG_G!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe16d2473-d83a-47be-83b5-3d7504428f01_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AG_G!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe16d2473-d83a-47be-83b5-3d7504428f01_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AG_G!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe16d2473-d83a-47be-83b5-3d7504428f01_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Les producteurs de soja am&#233;ricains sont d&#233;pendants des importations chinoises.</figcaption></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/p/le-soja-americain-est-a-la-merci?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/p/le-soja-americain-est-a-la-merci?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p>Si Donald Trump pr&#233;tend exceller dans l&#8217;art du deal, Xi Jinping a prouv&#233; sa capacit&#233; &#224; jouer avec les nerfs de son homologue am&#233;ricain. Le 29 octobre, &#224; quelques heures de la rencontre entre les deux dirigeants, P&#233;kin a envoy&#233; un premier signal d&#8217;apaisement, avec l&#8217;achat de trois cargos destin&#233;s &#224; &#234;tre livr&#233;s entre d&#233;cembre et janvier. Le volume, purement symbolique, a mis fin &#224; 6 mois de mise &#224; l&#8217;arr&#234;t des importations de soja am&#233;ricain.</p><p>&#8220;La Chine a accept&#233; d&#8217;acheter 25 millions de tonnes m&#233;triques de soja am&#233;ricain par an dans le cadre d&#8217;un accord conclu par ses dirigeants&#8221;, a annonc&#233; le secr&#233;taire au Tr&#233;sor, Scott Bessent. Confirmant les d&#233;clarations de Donald Trump &#224; la sortie de son entrevue avec Xi Jinping, il a pr&#233;cis&#233; que la Chine pr&#233;voyait d&#8217;acheter 12 millions de tonnes m&#233;triques de soja aux &#201;tats-Unis d&#8217;ici janvier 2026, ce qui correspond aux besoins estim&#233;s par les analystes avant la mise sur le march&#233; du soja sud-am&#233;ricain.</p><p>Les autorit&#233;s chinoises n&#8217;ont pas donn&#233; de d&#233;tails sur les termes de l&#8217;accord. Notamment, la question des droits de douane pesant sur les importations am&#233;ricaines n&#8217;a pas &#233;t&#233; &#233;voqu&#233;e. Or, le niveau des taxes - 34% au total &#224; l&#8217;heure actuelle - est crucial. Il conditionne la comp&#233;titivit&#233; du soja am&#233;ricain par rapport &#224; ses concurrents, dont les droits de douane, &#224; l&#8217;entr&#233;e sur le march&#233; chinois, sont inf&#233;rieurs &#224; 15%. &#8220;<em>Avant l&#8217;application des droits de douane par la Chine, la diff&#233;rence de prix entre le soja am&#233;ricain et le br&#233;silien est n&#233;gligeable au d&#233;part des pays , avec des prix FOB (</em>Free On Board, NDLR<em>) &#224; 407$ contre 405$ la tonne au 20 octobre. La perte de comp&#233;titivit&#233; ne vient pas du march&#233;, mais bien de la barri&#232;re tarifaire</em>&#8221;, souligne Gautier Le Molgat, directeur France d&#8217;Argus Media. Une telle omission n&#8217;est pas in&#233;dite. Lors de l&#8217;accord commercial de &#8220;Phase One&#8221; en 2020, les droits de douane n&#8217;avaient jamais &#233;t&#233; totalement lev&#233;s, ce qui avait laiss&#233; le soja am&#233;ricain structurellement p&#233;nalis&#233;. Sans lev&#233;e des droits de douane, les engagements chinois pourraient donc rester au stade des promesses. Cette exp&#233;rience explique sans doute <a href="https://soygrowers.com/news-releases/asa-celebrates-u-s-china-announcement/">la r&#233;action prudente de l&#8217;American Soybean Association</a> (ASA).</p><blockquote><p><em>&#8220;Le soja a toujours eu un r&#244;le strat&#233;gique. Dans les ann&#233;es 1970, lors du Tokyo Round, les &#201;tats-Unis ont impos&#233; un embargo pour montrer &#224; l&#8217;Europe et au Japon leur d&#233;pendance &#224; cette source de prot&#233;ines. L&#8217;&#233;levage intensif en Europe reposait sur le soja depuis les ann&#233;es 1950. En triplant son prix, l&#8217;embargo a provoqu&#233; un choc durable dans les fili&#232;res. C&#8217;est aussi &#224; cette &#233;poque que l&#8217;Europe a encourag&#233; le Br&#233;sil &#224; produire du soja &#224; grande &#233;chelle.&#8221;</em></p><p>Philippe Chalmin, professeur &#233;m&#233;rite d&#8217;histoire &#233;conomique &#224; l&#8217;universit&#233; Paris-Dauphine</p></blockquote><h3>Les guerres commerciales laissent des traces</h3><p>Le pr&#233;c&#233;dent &#233;pisode a eu des cons&#233;quences durables. Le Cato Institute estime que les exportations am&#233;ricaines ont &#233;t&#233; r&#233;duites de 27 milliards de dollars, le soja repr&#233;sentant 71% de cette perte. &#8220;<em>La conjonction d&#8217;une production abondante, d&#8217;une hausse de la demande plus modeste qu&#8217;attendu, compte tenu de prix historiquement bas, est pr&#233;occupante. Le risque d&#8217;une baisse des surfaces plant&#233;es en 2026-2027, et donc d&#8217;un choc d&#8217;offre, est r&#233;el car les producteurs sont actuellement d&#233;courag&#233;s face &#224; des marges n&#233;gatives sur de nombreuses productions agricoles cette ann&#233;e</em>&#8221;, explique Gautier Le Molgat.</p><p>D&#232;s 2018, la Chine a acc&#233;l&#233;r&#233; sa strat&#233;gie de diversification. Suivant l&#8217;exemple de l&#8217;Europe dans les ann&#233;es 70, elle s&#8217;est tourn&#233;e vers le Br&#233;sil pour s&#233;curiser ses approvisionnements (voir encadr&#233;), tout en soutenant le d&#233;veloppement des infrastructures portuaires et ferroviaires. De 50% en 2017, la part des Etats-Unis dans les importations chinoises est pass&#233;e sous la barre des 25% en 2024, tandis que le Br&#233;sil, et dans une moindre mesure, l&#8217;Argentine, ont vu leur part de march&#233; bondir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sq_d!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c3b0e68-60bf-4f18-88bb-f8ac15b9c51e_794x471.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sq_d!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c3b0e68-60bf-4f18-88bb-f8ac15b9c51e_794x471.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sq_d!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c3b0e68-60bf-4f18-88bb-f8ac15b9c51e_794x471.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sq_d!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c3b0e68-60bf-4f18-88bb-f8ac15b9c51e_794x471.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sq_d!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c3b0e68-60bf-4f18-88bb-f8ac15b9c51e_794x471.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sq_d!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c3b0e68-60bf-4f18-88bb-f8ac15b9c51e_794x471.png" width="794" height="471" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0c3b0e68-60bf-4f18-88bb-f8ac15b9c51e_794x471.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:471,&quot;width&quot;:794,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:43937,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Brazil and Argentina are replacing US soybeans exports to China&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/177569843?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c3b0e68-60bf-4f18-88bb-f8ac15b9c51e_794x471.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Brazil and Argentina are replacing US soybeans exports to China" title="Brazil and Argentina are replacing US soybeans exports to China" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sq_d!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c3b0e68-60bf-4f18-88bb-f8ac15b9c51e_794x471.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sq_d!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c3b0e68-60bf-4f18-88bb-f8ac15b9c51e_794x471.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sq_d!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c3b0e68-60bf-4f18-88bb-f8ac15b9c51e_794x471.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sq_d!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c3b0e68-60bf-4f18-88bb-f8ac15b9c51e_794x471.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">En l&#8217;espace de dix ans, la production de soja br&#233;silienne a bondi de 96 &#224; 175 millions de tonnes, tandis que celle des &#201;tats-Unis est rest&#233;e stable, aux alentours de 117 millions de tonnes.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Dans le m&#234;me temps, <a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/when-trade-war-becomes-food-fight#:~:text=But%20after%20China%20raised%20tariffs,from%20the%20past%20four%20years.">les Etats-Unis ont &#233;chou&#233; &#224; trouver de nouveaux d&#233;bouch&#233;s &#224; l&#8217;export</a>: la Chine a absorb&#233; plus de la moiti&#233; des exportations de soja am&#233;ricain en 2024. La chute des importations chinoises en 2025 l&#8217;a illustr&#233;.</p><p>&#8220;<em>Les marges de man&#339;uvre de l&#8217;administration Trump, pour trouver des march&#233;s &#224; l&#8217;export, sont limit&#233;es. En outre, quelle que soit l&#8217;issue des n&#233;gociations avec les &#201;tats-Unis, la demande chinoise va probablement stagner</em>&#8221;, confirme Simon Lacoume, &#233;conomiste chez Coface.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aff3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4112b4a-90f1-49fd-91c8-b620b54a25d3_794x390.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aff3!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4112b4a-90f1-49fd-91c8-b620b54a25d3_794x390.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aff3!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4112b4a-90f1-49fd-91c8-b620b54a25d3_794x390.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aff3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4112b4a-90f1-49fd-91c8-b620b54a25d3_794x390.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aff3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4112b4a-90f1-49fd-91c8-b620b54a25d3_794x390.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aff3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4112b4a-90f1-49fd-91c8-b620b54a25d3_794x390.png" width="794" height="390" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c4112b4a-90f1-49fd-91c8-b620b54a25d3_794x390.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:390,&quot;width&quot;:794,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:52343,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Diversifying away from China isn't so easy&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/i/177569843?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4112b4a-90f1-49fd-91c8-b620b54a25d3_794x390.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Diversifying away from China isn't so easy" title="Diversifying away from China isn't so easy" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aff3!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4112b4a-90f1-49fd-91c8-b620b54a25d3_794x390.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aff3!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4112b4a-90f1-49fd-91c8-b620b54a25d3_794x390.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aff3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4112b4a-90f1-49fd-91c8-b620b54a25d3_794x390.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aff3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4112b4a-90f1-49fd-91c8-b620b54a25d3_794x390.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Le soja, et dans une moindre mesure le sorgho, peinent &#224; trouver des d&#233;bouch&#233;s &#224; l&#8217;export</figcaption></figure></div><p></p><p>En effet, la Chine fait face &#224; une baisse d&#233;mographique: le pays a perdu plus de 4 millions d&#8217;habitants au cours des trois derni&#232;res ann&#233;es. Ensuite, P&#233;kin poursuit une politique d&#8217;optimisation de l&#8217;alimentation animale, cherchant &#224; limiter la quantit&#233; de prot&#233;ines dans les tourteaux. Ces deux tendances, l&#8217;une structurelle et l&#8217;autre strat&#233;gique, placent un plafond durable sur la demande future.</p><h3>La crise est &#233;galement domestique</h3><p>Les perspectives du march&#233; domestique ne sont pas prometteuses. Le secteur agricole est doublement p&#233;nalis&#233; : alors que les agriculteurs attendent des aides d&#8217;urgence (bailouts) en 2025-2026, similaires &#224; celles de 2019-2020, ils subissent les cons&#233;quences du blocage budg&#233;taire (<em>shutdown</em>), qui g&#232;le le versement potentiel des fonds annonc&#233;s au d&#233;but du mois d&#8217;octobre. Dans le m&#234;me temps, la conception des m&#233;canismes d&#8217;aide, bien que rendus plus favorables par la <em>One Big Beautiful Bill Act</em> (OBBB), rend inefficace le soutien f&#233;d&#233;ral &#224; la fili&#232;re soja.</p><h3>&#8220;Crush, baby, crush&#8221;</h3><p>Face aux turbulences des march&#233;s &#224; l&#8217;export, la fili&#232;re des biocarburants domestiques pourrait constituer une alternative p&#233;renne. L&#8217;EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) a publi&#233; au mois de juin <a href="https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-proposes-new-renewable-fuel-standards-strengthen-us-energy-security-support-0">de nouvelles propositions pour le programme Renewable Fuel Standard </a>(RFS) 2026-2027. Le rel&#232;vement des objectifs obligatoires entra&#238;nant une hausse d&#8217;environ 5 &#224; 6 % de la demande totale de biocarburants, 9 &#224; 10 millions de tonnes de soja suppl&#233;mentaires pourraient &#234;tre broy&#233;s d&#8217;ici 2027.</p><p>Pris en ciseaux par des co&#251;ts de production &#233;lev&#233;s, estim&#233;s entre 12$ et 13$ le boisseau, face &#224; des prix de march&#233; qui peinent &#224; d&#233;passer les 10$ le boisseau, les fermiers ont pour le moment privil&#233;gi&#233; le stockage, misant sur une future hausse des prix ou sur l&#8217;arriv&#233;e d&#8217;une subvention f&#233;d&#233;rale. &#8220;<em>Lors de la pr&#233;c&#233;dente guerre commerciale avec la Chine, les agriculteurs am&#233;ricains n&#8217;avaient pas h&#233;sit&#233; &#224; stocker massivement leur soja, faute de d&#233;bouch&#233;s. Les stocks &#233;taient alors pass&#233;s de 12 &#224; plus de 25 millions de tonnes entre 2018 et 2020, avant de refluer autour de 15 millions. Au 30 septembre 2025, ils ne d&#233;passent pas 9 millions, ce qui laisse aujourd&#8217;hui une certaine marge de man&#339;uvre pour conserver la r&#233;colte</em>&#8221;, rel&#232;ve Gautier Le Molgat.</p><h3>Des d&#233;faillances en forte augmentation</h3><p>Les faillites sous le Chapitre 12 (<em>Chapter 12 Bankruptcy</em>), proc&#233;dure r&#233;serv&#233;e aux agriculteurs, sont en acc&#233;l&#233;ration, en augmentation de pr&#232;s de 96 % au niveau national au premier trimestre 2025 (88 d&#233;p&#244;ts), par rapport &#224; la m&#234;me p&#233;riode en 2024 (45 d&#233;p&#244;ts).</p><p>Cette pression se concentre dans les r&#233;gions les plus fragiles : l&#8217;Arkansas est l&#8217;un des &#201;tats les plus durement touch&#233;s, ayant enregistr&#233; 15 faillites au seul T1 2025, un nombre qui fr&#244;le le total de l&#8217;&#201;tat pour toute l&#8217;ann&#233;e 2024.</p><p>Ce sujet est hautement inflammable sur la sc&#232;ne politique nationale, &#224; l&#8217;approche des &#233;lections de mi-mandat (<em>midterms</em>). L&#8217;impact politique en est exacerb&#233; par un facteur structurel au Congr&#232;s, qui est la surrepr&#233;sentation de l&#8217;Am&#233;rique rurale. Comme le souligne Philippe Chalmin, le fait que chaque &#201;tat dispose de deux s&#233;nateurs, ind&#233;pendamment de sa population, conf&#232;re aux &#201;tats agricoles un poids politique important dans les n&#233;gociations budg&#233;taires et commerciales. Cette r&#233;alit&#233; institutionnelle rend le S&#233;nat particuli&#232;rement sensible aux d&#233;faillances des fermes, accentuant la pression sur la Maison-Blanche pour le d&#233;blocage rapide des aides promises, et &#224; la recherche de d&#233;bouch&#233;s. Le d&#233;blocage des importations chinoises offre une respiration &#224; l&#8217;administration Trump, mais ne r&#233;sout pas les probl&#232;mes structurels d&#8217;une agriculture confront&#233;e &#224; une concurrence croissante sur ses march&#233;s &#224; l&#8217;export.</p><p>Vous avez appr&#233;ci&#233; cette analyse ? N&#8217;h&#233;sitez pas &#224; vous abonner afin de recevoir les prochaines &#233;ditions. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.transitions.news/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>